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Fire: Fire Lieutenant's Study Guide > HazMat > Flashcards

HazMat Flashcards

1
Q

13 Lighter Than Air Gases

4H MEDIC ANNA

A
  • Hydrogen
  • Hydrogen Cyanide
  • Helium
  • Hydrogen Flouride
  • Methane
  • Ethylene
  • Diborane
  • Illuminating Gases
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Acetylene
  • Neon
  • Nitrogen
  • Ammonia
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2
Q

Elevated Temp Materials

A
  • Liquid phase at a temp at or above 212oF
  • Liquid phase with a flash point at or above 100oF that is intentionally heated and offered for transportation or transported at or above its flash point
  • Solid phase at a temp at or above 464oF
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3
Q

ERG (Emergency Response Guide)

A
  • ERG ID # Index (Yellow Pages)
  • ERG Material Name Index (Blue Pages)
  • ERG Initial Action Guides (Orange Pages)
    • 3 Main Sections
      • Potential Hazards
      • Public Safety
      • Emergency Response
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4
Q

Release

A
  • Detonation - Instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of material. Results include framentation, disintegration, or shattering of the container; Duration: hundreds or thousands of a second
  • Violent Rupture - Immediate release caused by runaway cracks. Ballistic behavior of container and contents. Occurs in 1 sec or less
  • Rapid Relief - Fast release of pressurized haz material through properly operating safety devices caused by damaged valves. Several seconds to several minutes
  • Spill/Leak - Slow release of material under atmospheric or head pressure thru holes, rips, tears or usual openings. Several minutes to several days
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5
Q

Dispersion Patterns/Engulfment

  1. Physical/chemical properties
  2. Prevailing weather conditions
  3. Local topography
  4. Duration of the release
  5. Control efforts of responders
A
  • Hemispheric - Semicircular or dome-shaped
  • Cloud - Ball-shaped
  • Plume - Irregularly shaped
  • Cone - Triangular
  • Stream - Surface-following affected by gravity
  • Pool - Three-dimensional
  • Irregular
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6
Q

Awareness Level Personnel

A
  • Recognize the presence or potential presence of a hazardous material
  • Recognize the type of container at a site and indentify the material in it if possible
  • Transmit info to an appropriate authority and call for appropriate assistance
  • Establish scene control by isolating area and denying entry
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7
Q

Operations-Level Responders

Operations-Level Responders

.

A
  • Indentify material
  • Analyze an incident to determine the nature and extent of the problem
  • Protect themselves, nearby persons, the environment and property
  • Develop defensive plan of action (plan a response)
  • Implement the planned response to mitigate or control a release from safe distance
  • Evaluate progress of the actions
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8
Q

NFPA 704 diamond

A
  • 12 O’clock: Red; Flammability
  • 3 O’clock: Yellow; Instability
  • 9 O’clock: Blue; Health hazard
  • 6 O’clock: No specified color; White most common; Reactivity w/ water; oxidizer0
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9
Q

Department of Energy (DOE)

A
  • Manages the national nuclear research and defense programs
  • Including storage of high-level nuclear waste
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10
Q

Department of Homeland Security

A
  • Prevent terrorist attacks within the US
  • Reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism
  • Minimize the damage from potential attacks and natural disasters
  • FEMA and US Coast Guard
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11
Q

Consumer Product Safety Commission

A
  • Oversees and enforces compliance with the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, which requires that certain hazardous household products carry labeling for hazards
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12
Q

Dept of Defense Explosives Safety Board

A
  • Provides oversight of the develpment, manufacture, testing, maintenence, demilitarization, handling, transport and storage of explosives, including chemical agents on DOD facilities worldwide
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13
Q

ATF and Department of Treasury

A
  • Enforces laws relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, explosives and arson
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14
Q

Dept of Justice

A
  • Assigns primary responsibility for response to threats or acts of terrorism within US territory to the FBI
  • FBI is lead agency on terrorist incident scenes
  • FBI duties:
    • Investigate the theft of hazardous materials
    • Collects evidence
    • Prosecutes criminal violations
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15
Q

Corrosives

A
  • Destroy or burn living tissue and have bad effects by virtue of thier corrosivity
  • With exception of liquid and gas fuels, corrosives comprise the largest usage class (by volume) in industry
  • Divided into 2 broad categories
    • Acids
    • Bases (alkalis or caustics)
    • Hydrogen Peroxide is neither
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16
Q

Acid

A
  • Any chemical that ionizes (breaks down) to yield hydrogen ions in water
  • pH values 0-6.9
  • May cause severe chemical burns to flesh and eye damage
  • Contact causes immediate pain
  • Examples: Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid
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17
Q

Base (alkalis)

A
  • Water soluble compound that breaks apart in water to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion
  • pH values of 8-14
  • Breaks down fatty skin tissues and penetrate deeply into the body
  • Can cause severy eye damage from adhering to eye tissues (More than acid)
  • Does not normally cause immediate pain
  • Common sign - greasy or slick feeling of skin
  • Examples: Caustic soda, potassium hydroxide and other alkaline materials commonly used in drain cleaners
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18
Q

Aboveground Nonpressure tanks (aka atmospheric tanks)

A
  • Up to 0.5 psi inside
  • Common types:
    • horizontal
    • ordinary cone roof
    • floating roof
    • lifter roof
    • vapordome roof
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19
Q

Aboveground Pressure storage tanks

A
  • Low-pressure: 0.5-15 psi
  • Pressure vessels: 15+ psi
  • Examples:
    • Dome roof
    • Spheroid tank
    • Noded spheroid
    • Horizontal pressure vessel
    • Spherical pressure vessel
    • Cryogenic-Liquid storage tank
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20
Q

Bulk Transportation Containers

3 Main Categories

A
  • Tank cars (railroad)
  • Cargo tank trucks (highway)
  • Intermodal containers (highway, railroad, or marine vessel)
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21
Q

Railroad cars

A
  • Low-pressure or general service tank cars (nonpressure)
    • transport haz and nonhaz w/ vapor pressures <25 psi at 105o - 115oF
    • 4,000-45,000 gallons
    • cylindrical w/ rounded ends (heads)
  • Pressure tank cars
    • flammable, non-flammable, poisonous gases
    • >25psi at 68oF
  • Cryogenic liquid tank cars
    • tank-within-a-tank
    • insulation and vacuum protects contents for 30 days
      *
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22
Q

Other railroad cars

A
  • Covered hopper cars
    • dry bulk; grain, calcium carbide, ammonium nitrate, cement
  • Uncovered hopper cars
    • Coal, sand, gravel, rocks
  • Pneumatically unloaded hopper cars
    • unloaded by air pressure
    • 20 - 80 psi
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23
Q

IM 102 intermodal tanks

A
  • 14.5 - 25.4psi
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24
Q

IM 101 intermodel tanks

A
  • 25.4 - 100 psi
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25
Q

Pressure intermodal tanks

A
  • 100-500 psi
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26
Q

Nonintervention reasons

A
  • Pre-incident eval calls for it
  • Beyond capabilites
  • Explosions imminent
  • Container damage threatens massive release
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27
Q

Nonintervention actions

A
  • Withdraw to safe distance
  • Report scene conditions to telecommunications center
  • Inititiate an incident mgmt system
  • Call for additional resources
  • Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
  • Commence evacuation
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28
Q

Defensive operations reasons

A
  1. Pre-incident eval calls for it
  2. Responders have training and equip necessary to confine the incident to the area of origin
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29
Q

Defensive operations actions

A
  • Report scene conditions
  • Iniitiate incident mgmt system
  • Call for additional resources
  • Isolate hazard area and deny entry
  • Establish and indicate zone boundaries
  • Commence evac where needed
  • Control ignition sources
  • Use appropriate defensive control tactics
  • Protect exposures
  • Perform rescues when safe and appropriate
  • Evaluate and report incident progress
  • Perform emergency decon procedures
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30
Q

Defensive spill-control tactics

A
  • Absorption
  • Adsorption
  • Blanketing/Covering
  • Dam, dike, diversion, retention
  • Vapor suppression
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31
Q

Tactics for reducing harm of material or diluting concentration

A
  • Vapor dispersion
  • Ventilation
  • Dispersion
  • Dilution
  • Dissolution
  • Neutralization
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32
Q

Physical methods of decon

A
  • Remove the contaminant from a contaminated person without changing the material chemically
  • Examples:
    • Absorption
    • Adsorption
    • Brushing and scraping
    • Dilution
    • Evaporation
    • Isolation and disposal
    • Washing
    • Vacuuming
33
Q

Chemical methods for decon

A
  • Chemical degradation
  • Sanitization
  • Disinfection
  • Sterilization
  • Neutralization
  • Solidification
34
Q

High explosives

A
  • Detonate
  • Detonation velocities 3,300 feet per seconde to 29, 900 fps
  • Faster than speed of sound
  • Plastic explosives
  • Nitroglycerin
  • TNT
  • Blasting caps
  • Dynamite
  • Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil
35
Q

Low explosives

A
  • Deflegrate (burn rapidly; black powder)
  • Confined in small spaces are used as propellants (bullets and fireworks)
36
Q

Primary explosives

A
  • Easily initiated; highly sensitive to heat
  • Used as detonators
  • Lead azide
  • Mercury fulminate
  • Lead styphnate
37
Q

Secondary explosives

A
  • Detonate only under specific circumstances
  • Usually by activation energy from primary
  • Less sensitive to initiating stimuli like heat and flame
  • TNT
38
Q

Liquified gas

A
  • Propane or carbon dioxide
  • Partially liquid at 70oF
39
Q

Cryogen

A
  • Refrigerated liquified gas
  • Gas that turns into a liquid at or below -130oF
  • Liquid oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Helium
  • Hydrogen
  • Argon
  • LNG (Liquified natural gas)
40
Q

Biological hazards

A
  • Viruses
    • Simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves in the living cells of their hosts
    • Do not respond to antibiotics
  • Bacteria
    • Microscopic, single celled organisms
    • Most do not cause diseases
  • Rickettsias
    • Specialized bacteria that live and multiply in the gastrointest tract of carriers (fleas and ticks)
    • Smaller than bacteria; larger than virus
    • Spread through bite and not human contact
  • Biological toxins
    • Produced by living organisms
    • Organism is not harmful to people
    • Some made synthetically and genetically altered in labs
    • Botulinum and Ricin
41
Q

Containers for radioactive materials

A
  • Excepted - Very limited; no risk
  • Industrial - Limited hazard; not identified
    • Slightly contaminated clothing
    • Lab samples
    • Smoke detectors
  • Type A - Maintain sufficient shielding under normal transportation conditions
  • Type B - Normal shipping and sever accident conditions;
  • Type C - Very rare packages for high-activity materials (plutonium) transported by aircraft
42
Q

UN Hazard Classes

EGFFOTRCM

A
  1. Explosives
  2. Gases
  3. Flammable liquids
  4. Flammable solids; spontaneous combustion; emit flammable gases on contact with water
  5. Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides
  6. Toxic and infectious
  7. Radioactive materials
  8. Corrosive
  9. Miscellaneous dangerous
43
Q

Emergency Response Guidebook

A
  • Primarily a guide to aid emergency responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of materials involved in an emergency incident and protecting themselves and general public during the initial phase
  • Does not address all circumstances
  • Primary used for highway and railroad
  • Limited value at fixed-facility
44
Q

Degrees of Solubility

A
  • Negligible - Less than 0.1%
  • Slight - 0.1-1%
  • Moderate - 1-10%
  • Appreciable - 10-25%
  • Completely - 25-100%
45
Q

Non-water soluble liquids

A
  • Gasoline
  • Diesel fuel
  • Pentane
46
Q

Water-soluble liquids

A
  • Alcohol
  • Methanol
  • Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
47
Q

Six sides of incident

A
  • Alpha
  • Bravo
  • Charlie
  • Delta
  • Top
  • Bottom
48
Q

Potassium chlorate

A
  • White crystal or powder form explosive
  • 83% of the power of TNT
  • Common ingredient in fireworks
49
Q

Urea nitrate

A
  • Fertilizer based explosive
  • Nitric acid and urea
  • Prill used for de-icing sidewalks is urea
  • Often sulfuric acid is added
  • Similiar to ammonium nitrate
50
Q

Peroxide based explosives

A
  • Acetone peroxide
  • Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine
  • Mix hydrogen peroxide, acetone, and hydrochloric or sulfuric acid
  • TATP is white crystalline powder; acrid smell
  • TATP is yellowish to white
51
Q

Vehicle bombs

A
  • Most devestating of IED’s
  • Easy to conceal
  • Located in trunk
52
Q

Pipe bombs

A
  • 4-14 inches
  • Steel or plyvinyl chloride pipe sections filled with explosive and capped on ends
  • Filled w/ black powder or match heads
  • Filled with nails to throw shrapnel 300 ft
  • May be detonated with homemade fuse
  • Explosive filler can get into the threads of pipe and make sensitive to shock or friction
53
Q

Backpack bombs

A
  • Electronic timers or radio controoled triggers so no external wires
  • Even as small as cigarette pack
54
Q

Blister agents

A
  • Burn and blister skin or any party of body they contact
  • Act on eyes, mucous membranes, lungs, skin and blood-forming organs
  • Damage resp. tract when inhaled
  • Vomiting and diarrhea when ingested
  • Usually persistant
  • May be employed as a colorless gas and liquid
  • Oily liquids range from colorless to pale yellow to dark brown
  • Several days or weeks to evaporate
55
Q

Nerve agents

A
  • Affect trasmission of impulses
  • Most toxic of chemical warfare agents
  • Stable, easily dispersed, highly toxic, and rapid effects when absorbed thru skin or respiratory system
  • Tabun: low volatile; skin or inhaled
  • Sarin: volatile; inhaled
  • Soman: moderate; skin or inhaled
  • Cyclohexyl sarin: low volatile; skin and inhaled
  • V-Agent: low volatile; remains for long periods; skin and inhaled
56
Q

Blood agents

A
  • Chemical asphyxiant
  • Interferes w/ body’s ability to use oxygen by preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen or inhibiting cells to use oxygen for producing energy required for metabolism
  • Arsine
  • Hydrogen cyanide
  • Cyanogen chloride
57
Q

Choking agents

A
  • Chlorine -
    • Used during WWI
    • Turns into gas heavier than air
    • Not flammable, but can react explosively or form explosive compounds w/ other chemicals
    • Odor like bleach
  • Phosgene -
    • colorless, nonflammable
    • odor like freshly cut hay
    • accounted for majority of chemical fatalities in WWI
    • Gas at room temp
    • boiling point is 47oF
58
Q

Supplied-Air Respirators (SAR)

A
  • Airline respirator
  • Atmosphere suppying
  • User does not carry air source
  • Facepiece, belt or facefiece mounted regulator, voice comm, 300 ft of hose, emerg. escape pack
  • Attached to air cylinders on cart or portable breathing-air compressor
  • 5, 10, or 15 min worth of air to escape
  • Type C respirator
  • Adv: remove weight of SCBA
  • Dis: Supply line damage; no more than 300 ft; hose entanglement
59
Q

Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs)

A
  • 3 types
    • Particulate removing APRs
    • Vapor and gas removing APRs
    • Combo
  • Powered or nonpowered
  • No oxygen supply
  • Protect only against specific contaminants at or below certain concentrations
  • Do not protect against all chemical hazards
  • Do not protect agains oxygen enriched or deficient atmospheres
  • Disadv:
    • Limited life of filters and canisters
    • Need for constant monitoring of contaminated atmosphere
    • Need for normal oxgen content of atmosphere
60
Q

Particulate-Removing Filters

A
  • 3 levels of filtration - 95, 99, 99.97%
  • Filter degradation:
    • N - Not resistant to oil
    • R - Resistant to oil
    • P - used when oil or nonoil lubricants are present
  • Toxic dusts, mists, metal fumes, asbestos, some biological hazards
  • HEPA filters for medicasl must be 99.97% efficient
  • Particle masks (dust masks) protect from large size particles
  • Very limited protection
  • Not to be used chemical hazards or small particles such as asbestos
61
Q

Vapor and Gas Removing Filters

A
  • Use sorbent material to remove targeted vapor from air
  • Color-coded
62
Q

NFPA 704

A
  • Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response
64
Q

Safety Data Sheets

A
  1. ID
  2. Hazard(s) id
  3. Composition/info on ingredients
  4. First aid measures
  5. Firefighting measures
  6. Accidental release measures
  7. Handling and storage
  8. Exposure controls/ personal protectoin
  9. Physical and chemical properties
  10. Stability and reactivity
  11. Toxilogical info
  12. Ecological info
  13. Disposal considerations
  14. Transport info
  15. Regulatory info
  16. Other info
65
Q

Vapor pressure

A
  • Pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid in a closed container
  • High temp = high vapor pressure
  • Vapor pressures reported on MSDS’s are low
  • Lower boiling point = Higher pressure
66
Q

3 incident-based elements that affect selection of strategic mode

A
  • Value
  • Time
  • Size
67
Q

Simple asphyxiant vs Chemical asphyxiant

A
  • Simple - Gases that displace oxygen necessary for breathing
  • Chemical - Substances that prohibit the body from using oxygen. Even though oxygen is available, these substances starve the cells of the body for oxygen
68
Q

Routes of entry

A
  • Inhalation
  • Ingestion
  • Absorption
  • Injection
69
Q

Types of radiation

A
  • Alpha - Not harmful outside the body. Very harmful if ingested or inhaled. Can be stopped by skin or sheet of paper
  • Beta - More hazardous when inhaled or ingested. Travel up to 20 ft. Stopped by clothing or by less than .08 aluminum
  • Gamma - X rays. Can pass thru body or be absorbed by tissue. 2 ft of concrete, several ft of earth or 2 inches of lead to stop
  • Neutron - Highly penetrating. Soil moisture density gauges are source. Can cause secondary release of radiation when they interact with human body
70
Q

Fire point

A
  • Temp at which a liquid fuel produces sufficient vapors to support continuous burning. A few degrees above flash point.
71
Q

Consist

A
  • Rail shipping paper that contains a list of cars in the train by order
  • Indicates cars that contain hazardous material
  • Some include info on emerg ops
72
Q

Polar solvent

A
  • Flammable liquids that have an attraction for water
  • When combined with water, the 2 liquids mix easily
  • Alcohol, Methanol, MEK
73
Q

SLUDGEM

Chemical warfare symptoms

A
  • Salivation
  • Lachrimation (tearing)
  • Urination
  • Defecation
  • Gastrointestinal upset (cramping)
  • Emesis (vomiting)
  • Miosis (pinpointed pupils or Muscular twitching
74
Q

Hydrocarbon

A
  • Non-water soluble liquid
  • Gasoline, diesel fuel, pentane
75
Q

Alpha

A
  • Rapidly lose energy when passing thru matter
  • Emitted int the decay of the heaviest radioactive elements
    • Uranium
    • Radium
  • Blocked by skin
  • Very harmful if ingested or inhaled
  • Stopped by sheet of paper
76
Q

Beta

A
  • Fast moving
  • Positively or negatively charged electrons
  • Tritium, carbon-14, strontium-90
  • More penetrating than alpha but less damaging over equal distances
  • Capable of penetrating skin
  • Travel 20 ft in air
  • Stopped by layer of clothing or aluminum
77
Q

Gamma

A
  • High energy photons
  • Often accompany alpha or beta particles from nucleus
  • No charge, no mass
  • Very penetrating
  • Potassium-40, cobalt-60, iridium-192, cesium-137
  • Easily passes thru body
  • 2 ft of concrete, several feet of earth, 2” of lead
78
Q

Neutron

A
  • Ultrahigh energy particles
  • Have a mass but no electrical charge
  • Highly penetrating
  • Soil moisture density gauges; research labs; operating nuclear power plants
  • Release secondary radiation when they interact with human body

Fire: Fire Lieutenant's Study Guide (11 decks)

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