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Fire: Fire Lieutenant's Study Guide > Building Construction > Flashcards

Building Construction Flashcards

1
Q

Roof Decks

A
  • Can be plywood, wood planks, corrugated steel, precast gypsum or concrete planks
  • Wood panel: 1/2” on supports 24” on center
  • Wood planks: Minimum 1” nominal thickness
  • Corrugated steel: 29 gauge (thinnest) to 12 gauge (thickest); Depth ranges from 3/4-2”
  • Gypsum: Nailable
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2
Q

Civil engineering

A
  • Water supply
  • Sanitary sewers
  • Surveying
  • Site prep and excavation
  • Roadways
  • Storm water drainage
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3
Q

Structural engineering

A
  • Determination of loads
  • Foundation design
  • Structural behavior
  • Structural members
  • Structural erection
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4
Q

Mechanical engineering

A
  • HVAC
  • Pumping systems
  • Elevators
  • Plumbings systems
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5
Q

Electrical engineering

A
  • Lighting
  • Power
  • Communications
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6
Q

Fire protection engineering

A
  • Automatic sprinklers
  • Standpipes
  • Fire alarm
  • Smoke control
  • Code compliance
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7
Q

Type IIIA is required to have a ___ fire resistive rating for interior members

A

1 hour

  • Note: Type III B has no fire resistive rating for interior members
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8
Q

Columns

A
  • Support an axial load
  • Stresses are primarily compressive
  • Not designed to withstand stresses due to bending
  • Tall, thin columns fail by buckling
  • Short, squatty columns fail by crushing
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9
Q

Smoke developed rating

A
  • Measure of the relative visual obscurity created by the smoke from tested material
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10
Q

Axial load

A
  • Load applied to center of the cross-section of a structural member and perpendicular to that cross section
  • Can be compressive or tensile
  • Creates uniform stresses acros the cross-section of the material
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11
Q

Eccentric Load

A
  • Load that is perpendicular to the cross section of the structural member but does pass through the center of the cross section
  • Creates stresses that vary across the cross section
  • May be both tensile and compressive
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12
Q

Torsional load

A
  • Offset from the center of the cross section of the structural member and at an angle to or in the same plane as the cross section
  • Produces twisting effect that creates sheer stresses in a material
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13
Q

Tension

A
  • Tends to pull a material apart
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14
Q

Compression

A
  • Tends to squeeze the material
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15
Q

Shear

A
  • Tend to slide one plane of a material past an adjacent plane
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16
Q

NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilation Systems

A
  • 1 hour - Buildings less than 4 stories
  • 2 hour - Building 4 stories or greater
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17
Q

Transformers

A
  • 3 hour enclosure if not protected by sprinklers
  • 1 hour enclosure if protected by sprinklers
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18
Q

Footing

A
  • Widened base at the bottom of a column or foundation wall
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19
Q

Thermoplastic Composite Lumber

A
  • Wood-like product made from wood fiber and polyethylen or PVC
  • Alternative to preservative-treated lumber
  • Used for outside decks and railings
20
Q

Precast concrete slabs

A
  • Solid slabs - Up to 30ft
  • T slabs - Up to 120 ft
21
Q

Gable roof

A

2 inclined surfaces that meet at their high side to create a ridge

22
Q

Hip roof

A

Slopes in 4 directions

23
Q

Gambrel roof

A

Slopes in 2 directions, but there will be a break in the slope on each side

Space created can be used as an attic or living space

24
Q

Mansard roof

A

Has the break in the slope of the roof on all 4 sides

Forms a projection beyond the building wall that creates a concealed space though which fire can communicate

25
Q

Butterfly roof

A

Slopes in 2 directions

Basically 2 shed roofs that meet at their low eaves

26
Q

Monitor roof

A

Provides light and ventilation

Commonly used on old factory buildings

Vertical sides, which are normally openable windows are know as clerestories

27
Q

Sawtooth roofs

A

Once commonly used on industrial buildings for light and ventilation

Ideally, the glass vertical sections should face north cause the north light is more constant during the day and the glare of the sun can be avoided

28
Q

High rise construction

Model building codes

A

2 or 3 hour fire resistance for structural frame

2 hour fire resistance for floor construction

29
Q

Piecemeal demolition

A
  • Hand tools and machines
  • Likely to involve rescue
30
Q

Controlled collapse

A
  • Demolition ball
  • Hydraulic pusher arms
  • Wire rope pulling
  • Explosives
31
Q

Temporary fire protection

A
  • Standpipes be extended before the construction reaches 40 ft above the lowest level of the fire department access
  • Top hose outlets should be within 1 story of the uppermost level having a secure floor
32
Q

Source of building failure under fire conditions

A
  • Structural integrity
  • Building systems
  • Design deficiencies
33
Q

Interior finish affects fire behavior in the following 4 ways

A
  1. Contribute to the fire extension by flame spread over the surface of walls and ceilings
  2. Affects rate of fire growth
  3. Add to the intensity of a fire because it contributes fuel
  4. Can produce smoke and toxic gases that contribut to the life hazard
34
Q

NFPA 220 Standard on Types of Building Construction

3 Digit Code

A
  • 1st digit = Exterior bearing walls
  • 2nd digit = Structural frames or columns and girders that support loads of more than one floor
  • 3rd digit = Floor construction
35
Q

Concentrated load

A
  • Load applied at one point or over a small area
  • Produce highly localized forces and nonuniform loads in the supporting structural members
36
Q

Live load

A
  • Load that is not fixed or permanent
  • Can include wind and seismic loads
  • Usually applied to occupants, contents and the weight of snow or rain on the roof
37
Q

Dead load

A
  • Weight of any permanent part of a building
  • Roofs, floor slabs or decks, interior walls, stair systems, exterior walls and columns
  • Permanent equipment ie heating plants, elevator hoists, pumps, and water supply tanks in location that is actively known
38
Q

Static load

A
  • Loads that are steady, motionless, constant or applied gradually
39
Q

Dynamic load

A
  • Loads that involve motion
  • Forces arriving from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration, falling objects
40
Q

Piles

A
  • Used to support loads
  • Driven into the ground
  • Develop thier load-carrying ability either through friction with the surrounding soil or by being driven into contact with rock or a load bearing soil layer
41
Q

Pier

A
  • Constructed by drilling or digging a shaft, then filling with concrete
  • Belled pier - peir designed with a footing
  • Caisson - protective sleeve used to keep water out of the excavation for the pier
42
Q

Concrete fire resistance factors

A
  1. Density
  2. Thickness
  3. Quality
  4. Load supported by the concrete
  5. Depth of concrete cover over reinforcing bars
43
Q

Elevators

A
  • 1 or 2 hour rating for enclosure
  • 3 or fewer elevators = 1 hoistway
  • 4 or more elevators = must be a min of 2 hoistways
  • When more than 1 hoistway is provided, up to 4 elevators may be in 1 hoistway
  • Single elevator hoistways that ony serve upper levels have access doors for rescue every 3 floors
44
Q

Type I construction

fire ratings

A
  • Bearing walls, columns, and beams = 2-4 hrs
  • Floor construction = 2-3
  • Roof deck = 1-2… Omitted when 20ft above floor
  • Interior partitions enclosing stairwells and corridors = usually 1-2
45
Q

Flat Roof coverings

A
  • Vapor barrier - Diffusion
  • Thermal Insulation - heat loss; poured or rigid
  • Membrane -
    • Built up - overlapping
    • Single ply - 10-20 ft; 200 ft long
    • Fluid - curved roof surfaces
  • Drainage layer - free movement to drains
  • Wear course - Mechanical abrasion
46
Q

Interior finishes

A
  • Plaster, gypsum, wallboard, wood paneling, cieling tiles, plastic, fiberboard
  • May or may not be structural materials

Fire: Fire Lieutenant's Study Guide (11 decks)

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