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GEOGRAPHY physical > HAZARDS - earthquakes > Flashcards

HAZARDS - earthquakes Flashcards

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1
Q

where do earthquakes occur?

A

closely related to location of plate boundaries.

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2
Q

nature of earthquake at constructive boundaries

A

shallow focus

mid ocean ridge = low hazard

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3
Q

nature of earthquake at collision boundaries

A

shallow focus

fold mountain formation

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4
Q

nature of earthquake at destructive boundaries

A

deeper focus in the benioff zone due to compressional forces

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5
Q

nature of earthquake at conservative plate boundaries

A

shallow focus

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6
Q

what percentage of earthquakes are intraplate?

A

10%

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7
Q

focus

A

point at which the pressure was released within the crust

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8
Q

epicentre

A

point at the surface, directly above the focus. where the most intense shaking occurs.

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9
Q

seismic wave

A

shockwaves that radiate from the focus.

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10
Q

what are the two types of seismic waves?

A

body waves and surface waves

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11
Q

body waves

A

travel through the earth

there are primary and secondary body waves

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12
Q

primary waves

A

LONGITUDE waves
high frequency
FASTEST of the body waves
travels through SOLIDS and LIQUIDS

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13
Q

secondary waves

A

TRANSVERSE waves
high frequency
half the speed of p waves - SLOW
travels through SOLID only

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14
Q

what type of movement do P and S waves cause

A 
P = back and forth = ground cracks
S = shaking up and down
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15
Q

surface waves

A

travel along the earths surface = larger hazard

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16
Q

love waves

A

type of surface wave = shakes ground at 90* to the direction of movement
slower = more damage
damages infrastructure and buildings

17
Q

Rayleigh waves

A

type of surface wave
rolling motion
radiates from epicentre in complex low frequency motion
breaks surface

18
Q

liquefaction

A

secondary impact of earthquakes

unconsolidated sediment is saturated with water and acts like liquid due to the shaking

19
Q

effect of liquefaction

A

subsidence of building foundation

destruction of utility pipes

20
Q

landslides

A

unstable material on slopes fall due to ground shaking

21
Q

effects of landslides

A

injuries, blocked path, emergency aid unable to pass

22
Q

Tsunamis

A

effect of earthquakes
large waved formed due to subduction of plate offshore
over 10m high
coastal flooding and destruction

23
Q

what are the three scales earthquakes can be measured in?

A

mercalli scale
Richter scale
moment magnitude scale

24
Q

mercalli scale

A

I - XII
based on observations
I = not felt only detected by instruments
XII = total destruction

25
Q

richter scale

A

1-8
logarithmic scale
amplitude of wave and distance from focus
use a seismometer

26
Q

moment magnitude scale

A

logarithmic scale with no upper limit
more accurate than the richter scale
measure the total moment released- distance fault moved and forced require to move it (energy)
no upper limit

27
Q

short term impacts

A 
death
injury
destroyed infrastructure and buildings
burst pipes
fires
28
Q

long term impacts

A
  • infrastructure problems
  • disruption to supply lines and economy
  • 2/3 of Haiti’’s working in agriculture and industry were unemployed
  • looting
29
Q

nature of an earthquake is affected by 3 main factors

A

margin type, rate of movement, depth of focus.

30
Q

compare deep focus and shallow focus earthquakes

A 
shallow = lower magnitude
deep = higher magnitude
shallow = more damage
deep = less damage
31
Q

relationship between frequency and magnitude of earthquakes

A

high frequency earthquakes tend to have low mag.

high magnitude earthquakes happen less frequently.

32
Q

regularity of earthquakes

A

don’t follow any pattern

frequency is not an indicator

33
Q

predictability of earthquakes

A

scientist can monitor tectonic movement and and predict areas at risk
imposible to predict a time and magnitude

34
Q

preparation and mitigation strategies

A

educate - drills
emergency response
earthquake proof buildings

35
Q

how to make a house earthquake proof

A

strengthened corners

shock absorbance

GEOGRAPHY physical (20 decks)

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