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GEOGRAPHY physical > COASTS management > Flashcards

COASTS management Flashcards

1
Q

why do humans intervene in natural processes?

A
  • manage the shape and profile of the coastline
  • reduce rates of erosion
  • limit the likelihood of flooding
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2
Q

what are the problems with human intervention?

A

unsustainable and uneconomic

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3
Q

what is the England and Wales enviro agencies criteria for coastal protection?

A
  • households at risk
  • agriculture and farming at risk
  • ecosystems/ environment at risk
  • infrastructure at risk
    these factors are all looked at in a cost benefit analysis to decide which areas will be defended and which will be left.
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4
Q

what are the four options for coastal management

A

hold the line
advance the line
do nothing
managed realignment

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5
Q

hold the line

A

maintain existing coastal defences

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6
Q

advance the line

A

build new coastal defences further out to sea than existing ones

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7
Q

do nothing

A

allow nature to take its natural corse and deal with erosion and flooding as it comes.

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8
Q

managed realignment

A

allow the shoreline to move but manage retreat so it causes less damage. eg) change land use to flood farmland rather than town infrastructure.

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9
Q

what factors are responsible for a change in shoreline equilibrium? (5)

A
  • supply of materials
  • energy intensity
  • consistency of shoreline geology
  • changes in sea level
  • key processes taking place
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10
Q

feedback loops

A

outputs modify the inputs/ processes = output cahnges

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11
Q

positive feedback (in terms of input and output)

A

outputs increase = inputs increase which causes a further increase in outputs

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12
Q

negative feedback (in terms of input and output)

A

output increases which slows the inputs and processes responsible for the increased output.

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13
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

gradual shift in balance over a long period of time

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14
Q

metastable equilibrium

A

episodic shifts to a new equilibrium

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15
Q

steady state equilibrium

A

long term balance between inputs and outputs.

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16
Q

What is the SMP?

A

shoreline management plan

  • used to address the risks of coastal evolution
  • come up with flood defence strategies in the uk
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17
Q

what are hard engineering strategies used for?

A

to intercept and impede marine and coastal processes

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18
Q

what are 5 examples of hard engineering strategies?

A

Groynes, sea walls, revetments, rip rap and offshore breakwater.

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19
Q

what are groynes?

A

they are wooden fenses built at 90* to trap sediment (LSD)

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20
Q

ADV of groynes

A
  • build up the beach = increased tourism
  • works with natural processes
  • protects the land behind from erosion
  • quite cheap
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21
Q

DIS of groynes

A

-staved beaches further down the coast of sediment = more erosion and flooding

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22
Q

ADV of sea walls

A
  • long lasting and effective at reducing erosion
  • can act as a promenade for tourists
  • act as a barrier to prevent flooding
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23
Q

sea wall

A

large concrete wall that reflects wave energy back to sea ad protects against large waves with a recurved shape.

24
Q

DIS of sea wall

A
  • expensive to build and maintain

- creates a strong backwash which erodes under the wall

25
rip rap / rock armour
boulders of resistant rock placed at the foot of a cliff to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion
26
ADV of rip rap
- easy to maintain - cheap - easy to construct
27
DIS of rip rap
- can shift in storms - intrusive to environment - not local rocks - dangerous for tourists
28
Revetements
sloping wooden/ rock/ concrete structures to reduce wave energy while allowing sediment through.
29
ADV of revetements
- reduce erosion - expensive to build but relatively cheap to maintain - implemented quickly
30
DIS of revetements
intrusive unnatural looking create a strong backwash
31
offshore breakwater
partly submerged rock barrier that breaks up waved further out at sea. wave energy and erosive power is reduced before the waves reach the shore.
32
ADV of offshore breakwaters
effective permeable power | relocating a natural process
33
DIS of offshore breakwaters
materials may be eroded quickly contamination of local areas with eroded material (concrete) navigation hazard expensive
34
what is soft engineering?
management techniques which work with natural processes to redirect them to the desired effect. this requires long term intervention where the cost is shared over time.
35
what are 6 soft engineering strategies?
``` beach nourishment cliff regrading and drainage dune stabilisation marsh creation land use management coastal realignment ```
36
beach nourishment
addition of sand and pebbles to widen a beach
37
ADV of beach nourishment
blends in | increases tourism
38
DIS of beach nourishment
needs constant maintenance dredging elsewhere effects habitats expensive to maintain
39
cliff regrading and drainage
- reduces the angle of cliffs to stabilise it (less steep) | - remove water to reduce slumping and landslideds
40
ADV of cliff regrading & drainage
effective on clay and loose rock drainage = cost effective stabilised cliff
41
DIS of cliff regrading & drainage
cliff retreat dries out and collapses relatively low cost but ongoing maintenance may be impractical if there are important land uses on the cliff top
42
dune stabilisation
use plants to prevent LSD
43
ADV of dune stabilisation
maintains the natural environment and is sustainable relatively cheap creates a wide beach, reducing erosion
44
DIS of dune stabilisation
time consuming to plant | cut off area for tourists
45
marsh creation
planting appropriate vegetation can stabilise sediment | = reducing the speed of waves = reduced erosive power and flooding.
46
ADV of Marsh creation
natural buffer | habitat creation
47
DIS of marsh creation
land loss | farm owners want compensation
48
coastal realignment
managed retreat - allowing sea to breach defences and reach land behind. overtime marshland will develop
49
land use management
wooden walk ways across dunes and fenced off areas protect regeneration of dunes and reducing vegetation loss.
50
causes of increased flood frequency and severity
- increased storm surges (warmer seas = low pressure systems) - increased sea level (CC) - estuarine flooding (river discharge)
51
flood barrage
hard engineering construction across estuaries = allow tidal waters through but prevent unusually high tides, storm surges and flood tides when forecasted.
52
is hard or soft engineering more sustainable?
soft engineering is usually cheaper require less time and money to maintain integrate with the natural environment LOWER ECONOMIC cost and ENVIRONMENTAL impact/
53
ICZM
integrated coastal zone management considers all elements of a coastal system to form a management scheme which protects the environment while allowing people to use it.
54
what are the 4 criteria for ICZM
- ENVIRONMENT viewed as a whole - different LAND USE are considered - sustainably - LOCAL, REGIONAL, and NATIONAL levels of authority have an input in the plan - DYDNAMIC process where plans adapt to changing priorities and new information
55
IPCC
Intergovernmental panel for Climate Change climate experts from 130+ countries there are no political or company ties.
56
what are the aims of the IPCC
access the risks for human induced CC, its possible impacts and options for prevention.

GEOGRAPHY physical (20 decks)

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