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Geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Layers of the Earth

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

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2
Q

Epicentre

A

The point on the earth’s surface where earthquakes are at their most powerful

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3
Q

Characteristics of oceanic crust

A

Dense, newer, thinner

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4
Q

Characteristics of continental crust

A

Less dense, older, thicker

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5
Q

Constructive boundaries

A

Plate boundaries which move apart from each other and often result in the formation of mid-ocean ridges

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6
Q

Modified Mercalli Scale

A

Measures an earthquake’s intensity based on the observed effects of people and structures

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7
Q

Shield volcano

A

A type of volcano that is low and wide with a gentle slope. They are found at constructive plate boundaries

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8
Q

Composite volcano

A

A cone shaped volcano built from many layers of lava and ash. They are found at destructive plate boundaries

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9
Q

Focus

A

the place inside Earth’s crust where an earthquake originates. Energy is released here

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10
Q

Feature formed at a collision plate boundary

A

Fold mountains

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11
Q

Features formed at a convergent (destructive) plate boundary

A

Deep ocean trenches, island arcs, volcanoes, earthquakes

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12
Q

Mid-oceanic ridge location

A

Divergent/constructive plate boundaries

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13
Q

Richter scale

A

Measures an earthquake’s magnitude based on ground shaking using a seismometer

Range: 2.4 or less - 8.0

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14
Q

Moment magnitude scale

A

Measures the total energy released by an earthquake

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15
Q

Volcanic Explosivity Index

A

Measures the intensity of volcanic eruptions on a logarithmic scale of 1-8

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16
Q

What type of waves are produced when an earthquake occurs?

A

Seismic waves

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17
Q

Where do tropical storms take place?

A

Between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn

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18
Q

Eye

A

The centre of a tropical storm

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19
Q

Low pressure

A

Wet weather

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20
Q

High pressure

A

Dry weather

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21
Q

Hurricane

A

Tropical storm in the Americas

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22
Q

Tropical storm formation requirements

A
  • Low pressure weather systems
  • Warm seas over 26˚
  • 8-20˚N of the equator where trade winds converge
  • In the summer and autumn where sea temp is highest
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23
Q

Coriolis effect

A

The process that causes tropical cyclones to rotate.
Northern Hemisphere = anticlockwise
Southern Hemisphere = clockwise

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24
Q

Saffir-Simpson scale

A

A 1-5 rating based only on a hurricane’s maximum sustained wind speed

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25
Q

Economic benefits of living close to volcanoes

A

Tourism, fertile soils

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26
Q

Short-term environmental impacts of tropical storms

A

Landslides, soil erosion, storm surge, flooding

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27
Q

How many people were displaced by Typhoon Haiyan?

A

600,000

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28
Q

Primary impact

A

A direct impact immediately caused by the hazard

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29
Q

Secondary impact

A

A knock-on effect of a primary impact (indirect)

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30
Q

Why do people choose to live near a volcano?

A
  • Fertile soil
  • Tourism
  • Geothermal energy
  • Beautiful landscape
  • Where their family live
  • Unaware of the risks
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31
Q

Why do people choose to live near an earthquake?

A
  • Geothermal energy
  • Believe it won’t happen to them
  • Earthquake proof buildings make people feel safe
  • Minerals
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32
Q

Social reasons why people chose to live in hazardous environments

A
  • Where family is
  • Don’t perceive the risk
  • Beautiful views
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33
Q

Why some places are more vulnerable than others

A
  • Low development level
  • Lack of education
  • Proximity to hazards
  • Hazards are frequent
  • Low level of preparedness
  • Poor building design
  • Poor governance
34
Q

Short-term impact

A

Something that happens in the days and weeks after an event

35
Q

Long-term impact

A

Something that continues to impact for months and years after an event

36
Q

What category of the Saffir-Simpson scale was Typhoon Haiyan?

A

5

37
Q

Short term impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • 6300+ people killed
  • 600,000 people displaced
  • 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
  • 14 million people affected by heavy rain
  • power supplies disrupted
  • flooding caused landslides
38
Q

Long term impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • Hospitals damaged, shops and schools destroyed
  • 90% Tacloban city destroyed
  • Shortages of water
  • jobs lost
  • 40,000 homes destroyed
39
Q

Economic impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
  • Crops destroyed
  • Airport damaged
40
Q

Social impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • 14 million people affected by heavy rain
  • 6300+ people killed
  • 600,000 people displaced
41
Q

Environmental impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • Heavy rain
  • Flooding caused landslides
  • Blocked roads
  • Crops destroyed
42
Q

Short term impacts of Eyjafjallajokull

A
  • 700 people evacuated due to glacier melt flood
  • Mass grounding of flights
  • Roads closed
  • 500 local cattle farmers and families evacuated
43
Q

Long term impacts of Eyjafjallajokull

A
  • Plankton bloom due to ash in oceans disrupted food chains
  • Kenya’s economy lost 2.8 billion pounds due to flight cancellations as goods not exported
  • 2.8m tonnes of CO2 not emitted into the atmosphere
44
Q

Economic impacts of Eyjafjallajokull

A
  • Airlines lost a combined £130 million per day in revenues
  • Europe’s biggest tourism businesses lost between £5 million and £6 million per day
45
Q

Social impacts of Eyjafjallajokull

A
  • 500 local cattle farmers and their families had to be evacuated from the area around the volcano
  • Farmers near the volcano were warned not to let their livestock drink from contaminated water sources
46
Q

Environmental impacts of Eyjafjallajokull

A
  • Dissolved iron deposits triggered a plankton bloom
  • The eruption on 14 April set off a major flood in Iceland
  • The mass-grounding of European flights prevented the emission of 2.8m tonnes of carbon dioxide
47
Q

When was the Eyjafjallajokull eruption?

A

March 20th 2010

48
Q

Which plate boundaries are Eyjafjallajokull on?

A

North American and Eurasian

49
Q

Which type of plate margin is Eyjafjallajokull on?

A

Constructive

50
Q

What VEI was Eyjafjallajokull?

A

4

51
Q

Short term impacts of the Nepal earthquake

A
  • 8,600 dead and 19,000 injured
  • people slept outside due to landslides and shaking destroying homes
  • avalanches and landslides triggered
52
Q

Long term impacts of the Nepal earthquake

A
  • Harvests reduced or lost
  • Entire villages lost to landslides
  • Old buildings and UNESCO heritage sites lost
53
Q

Economic impacts of the Nepal earthquake

A
  • 35-50% of GDP lost
  • Short term tourist revenue lost
54
Q

Social impacts of the Nepal earthquake

A
  • 8,600 dead and 19,000 injured
  • people slept outside due to landslides and shaking destroying homes
55
Q

Environmental impacts of the Nepal earthquake

A
  • Landslides
  • Avalanches
56
Q

Which plate boundaries did the Nepal earthquake happen along?

A

Indian and Eurasian

57
Q

Which type of plate margin is Nepal on?

A

Collision

58
Q

What MMS was Nepal Earthquake?

A

7.8

59
Q

Short term responses of the Italy earthquake

A
  • Homeless were given tents or slept in sports halls
  • 250 people rescued from collapsed buildings
  • Power banks and generators given out to help communication
60
Q

Long term responses of the Italy earthquake

A
  • Safe Schools drill practices introduced
  • 1 billion euros given for rebuilding work
  • Casa Italia scheme for earthquake proof housing
61
Q

How Italy was prepared for an earthquake

A

Emergency services and response teams trained and ready

62
Q

When was the Italy Earthquake?

A

August 24th 2016

63
Q

Which plate boundaries did the Italy earthquake happen along?

A

African and Eurasian

64
Q

Which type of plate margin is Italy on?

A

Collision

65
Q

What MMS was Italy Earthquake?

A

6.2

66
Q

Ways buildings can be made earthquake proof

A
  • Triangular shape (lightweight on top)
  • Pendulum in roof (stabilize)
  • Cross bracings (so building can twist)
67
Q

Items in a emergency grab bag

A
  • Flashlight
  • Food
  • Water
  • Radio
  • Shelter
68
Q

Explain how GIS can be used for earthquake preparedness

A
  • Mapping the roads
  • building age mapping
  • population density mapping
69
Q

Explain how warning and evacuation are used to prepare for earthquakes

A
  • People know what to do and where to go in the event of an earthquake
  • People can prepare a grab bag in advance
70
Q

Explain the role of remote sensing in earthquake preparedness

A

Can take images of the ground to monitor movements

71
Q

Short term responses of the Nepal Earthquake

A
  • Over 100 search and rescue responders were provided by The UK
  • Temporary housing was provided, including a ‘Tent city’ in Kathmandu
  • India and China provided over $1 billion of international aid
72
Q

Long term responses of the Nepal Earthquake

A
  • Stricter building codes were introduced
  • Over 7000 schools were rebuilt
  • A blockade at the Indian border was cleared in late 2015 (better transportation of goods)
73
Q

How Nepal was prepared for earthquakes

A
  • Tourists climbing Everest paid premium packages for emergency rescue and earthquake insurance
  • Low development = little preparedness
74
Q

Park model

A

Tells us how quickly a country can return to full quality of life (quality of life against time after disaster)

75
Q

Natural Hazards

A

Extreme natural events that can cause loss of life, extreme damage to property and disrupt human activities

76
Q

Destructive plate boundary

A

When two plates are moving towards each other and the edge of one plate margin is being destroyed as it plunges beneath the other plate (subduction).

77
Q

Collision plate boundary

A

when two plates of equal density and strength move towards each other and meet head on

78
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A

where two plates are sliding past each other, causing earthquakes

79
Q

Hotspot

A

locations beneath the Earth’s crust where strong currents of magma (plumes) rise. Where the crust above a plume is weak, volcanic activity occurs

80
Q

Earthquake

A

A sudden and brief period of intense shaking of the ground

81
Q

Pyroclastic flow

A

a dense, destructive mass of very hot ash, lava fragments, and gases ejected explosively from a volcano and typically flowing at great speed

82
Q

Hazard

A

An event which has the potential to cause harm to the environment, people or the economy

Geography (10 decks)

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