Case Studies (paper 2)

Question 1

Hong Kong Challenges

Answer 1

• Energy supply is mainly from electricity, and around 75% is generated by the burning of fossil fuels
• Land reclamation damages marine life
• Hong Kong’s 7 million residents produce an estimated 6.4 million tonnes of waste a year

Question 2

Kibera strategies

Answer 2

• Free education centres opened, called Children’s Hope, where children have free access to the internet and books
• 182 extra communal toilet blocks built in 2019

Question 3

Oxford strategies

Answer 3

Oxfordshire school readiness strategy - improves the outcomes achieved and lived experiences of children and young people aged 0-25

Oxfordshire resource and waste strategy - limit waste

Question 4

Hong Kong Urban

Answer 4

• Well-developed transport network
• Social polarisation: extreme wealth and extreme poverty are found in the same compact urban area
• ethnic segregation: 94% of HK population is of Chinese descent, the other 6% is mainly of people from the Philippines, Indonesia, Nepal and India
• pockets of poverty and deprivation, which results in ‘penthouse slums’ and ‘rooftop shanty towns’

Question 5

Sector shift in the UK

Answer 5

• in post-industrial stage of the Clark-Fisher model
• In 2021 over 70% of people in the UK are employed in tertiary economic activities

Question 6

Positive impacts of sector shift in the UK

Answer 6

• deindustrialisation has led to improvements in the environment and decreased levels of pollution
• UK has developed expertise in secondary and tertiary economic activities which are in demand around the world

Question 7

Negative impacts of sector shift in the UK

Answer 7

• Deindustrialisation led to high numbers of job losses
• Increasing numbers TNCs have moved their factories and offices to emerging and developing countries

Question 8

Characteristics of Dhaka’s informal sector

Answer 8

• Low pay
• Long working hours
• No benefits such as holiday pay or sick pay
• Health and safety risks
• Exploitation by employers

Question 9

Informal employment in Dhaka

Answer 9

Over 75% of the population are engaged in informal employment:
- Rickshaw drivers (500,000)
- Waste related workers (80,000)
- Workers in small workshops
- Casual workers in restaurants and hotels
- Day labourers in construction

This also includes children (0.69 million child labourers)

Question 10

Managing long term migration - UK

Answer 10

Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1&2)
- Restrictions to free movement of Commonwealth citizens to the UK
- Immigrants had to prove that they or their parents were born in the UK
(1962&1968)

Immigration Act (1&2)
- Further legislation was introduced to classify migrants into partial (born or adopted in the UK with the right to remain) and non-partial (limited stay) immigrants
- Citizenship could only be claimed by those who were born in the UK or had at least one parent with British Citizenship

Question 11

Urban challenges in Kibera

Answer 11

• 2 in 5 people in the slum are in informal employment
• 37% of children do not go to school
• only 20% of Kibera has electricity
• Cholera is one of the biggest killers due to sewage being disposed of in rivers that are used for drinking and cooking

Question 12

Hong Kong strategies

Answer 12

• Government expenditure on education has increased by 61% over the last decade
• Private developers like Swire and Sino are encouraged to build new housing estates to deal with HK’s lack of homes
• Charities like Branches of Hope provide summer schools for refugees

Question 13

Positive impacts of sector shift in Ethiopia

Answer 13

• Change from subsistence farming to growing cash crops (e.g. coffee), which increases GDP
• Many industries have relocated to Addis Ababa as production costs are less. Textile and leather goods production have increased due to this, which means job availability is high

Question 14

Negative impacts of sector shift in Ethiopia

Answer 14

• land used for subsistence farming is no long available, which leads to increase in food shortages in a country that already suffers regularly from famine
• rural-urban migration due to food shortages in rural areas cause an increase in slums due to lack of housing

Question 15

Energy management in India

Answer 15

• residents encouraged to use energy-efficient light bulbs, solar hot water systems, appliances with higher star ratings etc.
• The PAT (Perform, Achieve, Trade) program aims to enhance energy efficiency in industries - replacing old and inefficient machinery, insulating pipes, turning off electrical equipment when not in use etc.
• Dominance of mini cars with lower carbon footprints
• Bicycle sharing projects
• Energy-efficient lighting in trains

Question 16

Energy management in Qatar

Answer 16

• Provides rebates to homeowners who invest in energy-efficient appliances, insulation and renewable energy
• Industrial facilities are encouraged to conduct energy audits to identify energy-saving opportunities
• Qatar has been expanding its public transport network (e.g. development of metro) to encourage use of public transport
• Government is promoting adoption of electric vehicles by e.g. installing charging infrastructure