Hazardous Environments Flashcards

Question

what contributes to hazard?

Answer 1

time of day/week, duration, magnitude and intensity of hazard (distance it covers and the impacts), geology of rocks and sediment, depth of focus (shallow=more destructive), multihazardous environment (affects ability to bound back), secondary hazards (tsunami, climate change etc), frequency, distance from epicentre

Answer 2

level of development, how well off an area is (fragile economy), population density, high dependency ratio (old to young), buildings on marginal land (susceptible to landslides), quality of infrastructure (e.g., lack of steel rods), rural/ urban, rapid urbanisation, geology of an area

Answer 3

preparation (e.g., evacuation plan), prediciton and warning systems, relations with other governments to receive aid, wealth of government, allowing them to invest in response (defence mechanisms), response (mitigation and search and rescue teams), trade and accesibility (location), governemnt stability

Answer 4

1. urbanisation can replace dispersed rural populations with cities which are a foci (centre of interest) for population, industry, and other institutions. this can cause an over-concentration of people and value. this increases succeptibility to catastrophic loss if a major population experiences a disaster. This is particularly acute in developing countries which might have 1-2 leading cities dominating. e.g., Lina has 40% of urban population and 70% of Peru's industry in comparison to london with 15% of UK GDP and 15% of population 2. urbanisation can lead to overcrowding, making safe evacuation more difficult and people being in poor housing conditions. it can also encourage development on marginal areas (e.g., unstable slopes - bogota, rio. or lowlying areas susceptible to tsunamis) 3. susceptibility to disruption increases as sophisticated, complex transport networs exist 4. poeple are more likely to expect a top down approach where civic authroities protect them from disasters or think they are safer in a big city - lack of awareness 5. uneven replacement of buildings and infrastructure produces a patchwork of insability

Answer 5

mumbai, mozambique, san fransisco

Answer 6

a tropical storm is a low pressure system which has sustained high winds and torrential rains. all hurricanes are examples of tropical storms, but they become reclassified as a hurricane one the wind speed exceeds (74 mph). Tropical storms are aka typhoons, or cyclones dependign on which part of the world theyre in

Answer 7

most tropical storms lie on either side of the equator. mostly above the tropic of Capricorn and below the Tropic of Cancer, within the tropics. (5-25 degrees latitude)

Answer 8

1. a deep layer of humid, warm, and unstable air (27 DEGREES CELCIUS) (+ deep warm water e.g., around 60 metres) 2. a supply of energy (heat and moisture) from the sea 3. a circulatory motion in the air (anticlockwise in the N hemisphere) encouraged by the CORIOLIS EFFECT. there are no hurricaned ont he equator and increases towards the tropics 4. wind sheer needs to be low (small changes in wind speed and direction - vertical) -> (wind speed and direction with increasing altitude changes encourages the circulatory withing the cyclone) 5. converging trade winds that force the air to rise

Answer 9

1. tropical storms start when strong clusters of thunderstorms drift over warm ocean waters 2. the very warm air from the storm and the ocean surface begin to rise - creating low pressure at the surface 3. air rises faster and faster to fill this low pressure, in turn drawing more warm air off the sea and sucking coolder, drier air downwards 4. the air spirals (due to coriolis force) cools and condenses as it rises which forms massive walls of cumulonimbus clouds aound the centre of the storm 5. the condensation releases huge amounts of heat energy, which powers the storm and increases wind speeds 6. cikder air sinks down through the centre of the tropicsl storm to form the eye. In the eye of the tropical storm the conditions are cals 7. when the tropical storm reaches lands - and its source of heat energy and moisture disappears - it rapidly decreases in strength

Answer 10

compare with booklet: 2. what are the causes and impacts of tropical cyclones)

Answer 11

storm surges cuaing immense damage to coastal areas and floods inland, strong winds that can tear roofs off, break windows, destroy crops, buildings, transport links, power supplies and communications, torrential rain leading to flooding inland, often triggering landslides, mudslides, and flash flooding. this rain is caused by the warm humid air from cyclones

Answer 12

a sudden, localised rise in sea level associated with low pressure and wind, allowing the sea to expands and the level of the sea to rise. It splits into two components: pressure driven - low pressure sucks up the surface oft he ocean wind driven - puches water towards the coast

Answer 13

Typhoon Haiyan. November 2013. Pacific Ocean, southwest of the Philippines

Answer 14

Typhoon Haiyan. November 2013. Pacific Ocean, southwest of the Philippines. the storm surge was 15 m tall, the wind speed was 314 km/h. short term impacts: 1. destruction of infrastructure, roads, communications, including the airport from the storm surge 2. 5 million people lost their homes 3. 90% buildings destroyed in tacloban city from strong wind and flooding 4. no safe shelter, water for many 5. 5,500-10,000 died 5. economic - disruption and detruction of businesses and transport links. + social, physical, environmental long term impacts: 1. destruciton fo roads etc. makes aid harder to receive (by nov only 20% of those requiring supplies and aid had recieved it) 2. looting made worse by only 100/1300 police reporting for duty. charity trucks were attakced and items including 33,000 large bags of rice were stolen 3. UN staff pulled out for safety reasons making getting air harder (these might alos be short term (above)) 4. no shelter and safe access to water days after 5. loss of infrastrucute 6. long term economic impacts -> $8 billion total damage inc. debt and money spent on recovery 7. displaced, homelessness, poverty due to loss of income

Answer 15

using the saffir simposon scale. it goes from tropical depression-> tropical storm -> 1-5.

Answer 16

a tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained wind speed it 38 mph. a tropical storm is a tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speen is 39mph-73mph. a hurricane is a tropical cyclone equal to or exceeding 74mph. WIND SPEED differentiates these tropicla cyclones

Answer 17

communities with lack of financing and resources, poorer isolated communities, communities with dependant poeple (disabled, ill, old), homeless (they have no healthcare), crowded areas (e.g., rapidly urbanised- meanigng they have less resources, harder to evacuate, loss of hub and business post hazard), groups persecuted by the state (repressed, ostrasiesed, may be pushed into marginalised land and less help form state), undoncumented migrants (no potential for help)

Answer 18

better response services (highger tech, better prepared), setting up systems, investing inn infrastructure, national wealth redistributed to help poorer less prepared communities, western europe helping E-Europe, change og government which actively invests in hazard resilience, city planning, knowledge, experiece

Answer 19

warm temp. is needed because it causes warm air to rise, CREATING A LOWE PRESSURE SURFACE, (as air moves up, it becomes less dense and therefore there's lower pressure and more water evaporates)

Answer 20

the change in pressure because of the different temperatures causes thick clouds and causes air spirals (coriolis) to formwalls of clouds. the hot air rises and cold air falls causing a change in pressure. the hot air rises because it has lots of moisture, and as it rises it cools and the H2O condenses forming large clouds which are big and heavy causeing rain. The cold air which sinks forms the eye

Answer 21

it starts to circulate due to the coriolis effect. the air diverges at the top, away from the the rising air and centre. it then falls because the cooler air is denser. this cuases air spirals and forms clouds

Answer 22

where there is calm in the middle and little win and rain because of all of the rising air that has so much energy. there is low pressure in the eye of the storm

Answer 23

ther eis no more power supplied by the water and the source of hear energy and moisture dissappears

Answer 24

because the temperature of the ocean decreases therefore there is less evaporation so the storm loses its source ofenergy

Answer 25

we don't experience warm enough temperatures and we are not close enough to the equator to experience the coriolis effect. evaporation transfers energy from the serface tot he atmosphere. it temp increases then energy, and exaporation also increases but pressure decreases. low pressure means lots fo evaporation, and a stronger storm with more energy

Answer 26

floods and cyclones have increases due to global warming and climate change, meaning thr weather is more dramatic

Answer 27

very dense with a thickness of 1390km it is magnetised temp of 3000 degrees solid

Answer 28

1380km thick liquid less dance than. solid inner core (11g/cm^3) made of iron, nickel, small amount of lighter elements like silicon lower than 3000 degrees

Answer 29

larges mass of any of earths layers (70% of total mass) made of magnesium-iron silicates and has a density of 3.35gcm^3 the outer part is called the LITHOSPHERE and it rigid and floats on the mobile ASTHENOSPHERE. it is a mixed state it is like 'plastic' - if heares it can be moved

Answer 30

CONTINENTAL cold rigid, thin layer, brittle primarily granite high content of aluminium and silica around 35-70km thick and tensity of 2.8-9 gcm^3 OCEANIC CRUST mainly basalt which is lower in silica byt higher in magnesium and iron. it is thinner than continental crust 6-10m thick and 3gcm^3 density

Answer 31

solid inner core, liquid outer core, asthenosphere mantle, lithosphere mantle, continental and oceanic crust

Answer 32

the idea that plates are slowly moving their position scross the earth's surface over time. It explains the changing environments recorded in continental rocks

Answer 33

- the scale -> the path took the hazard over the entire islnd, making the scale increase, therefore making it harder for aid workers to deliver aid and increasing severity - if it had hit mainland indonesia then thot he islands, it wouldn't have been as bad - the fact that the philippines is a group of islands means it is more likely to experience a strong physical storm as the storm has mroe fuel - water was warmer, meaning they were more affecte by coriolis + more fuel form Pacific Ocean - Tacloban is densley populated, meaning more overcrowding, making evacuation more difficult, meanging it is more difficult to remove people - densley populated means more peopel in one area, meanign more business' lsot and economic loss - economy fragile and quality of infrastructure made it more vulnerable becuase they are more liekyl to be destroyed and impacts worse.

Answer 34

- constructive plate boundaries weakness' in rocks allows magma to come up, causing volcanic hazards (due to magma) - in both detructive and C plate boundaries, magma is present and initially the plates move together due to slab pull and ridge push. as the plate rises up, causing volcanoes - destructive plate boundaries are more destrcutive because the rising magma contains gas which is higgly pressurised, making the eruption more explosive. Subduction means oceanic plate melts, creating magma - earthquakes are caused by collision and conservative plate boundaries, aswell as the two others mentioned. however, conservative is stronger due tot he pressure o the sudden plates moving + colission and constructive because they're moving towards and against eachother meanign more pressure builds up and is released.

Answer 35

an earthquake is a sudden movement, or tremmor in the earth's crust. it is caused by a release of pressure which causes a shock or seismic waves. Most earthquakes are found at plate boundaries, especially collision and destructive margins. the centre of the earthquake underground is called the focus. THe most powerful part on the surface is called the epicentre. the cloer you are to this, the more damage occurs

Answer 36

with the richter scale. The strength is recorded on the seimograph

Answer 37

rock geology because it can amplify the waves

Answer 38

they are close to the surface, narrowly concentrated, magma created tremmors

Answer 39

broad belt of earthquakes, depth increasing with distance from the plate margin,-> earthquakes occur along the whole subduction zone, + shallow and deep earthquakes where plates converge,

Answer 40

narrow zone of usually shallow depth earthquakes

Answer 41

geology - some ground types amplify shaking e.g., silt and mud location of epicentre - e.g., tsunamis from underwater earthquakes recent weather - wet/saturated is more likely to collapse or liquify terrain - e.g., steep ground can affect mass movement time of day

Answer 42

- population density (more people affected) - building quality/ design (mor elikely to collapse) - distance from epicentre - warning and monitorring systems - wealth and money - do they have the ability to respond and protect people, do they have the ability to have good infrastructure -age

Answer 43

the scale is logorhythmic (each is 10x more powerful than the previous one). there are many more M1/2 than M9/10. PROS: it is an objective numerical recorded data making it easier to compare events against eachother gives us a good indication of the magnitude of the physical hazards e.g., geology accounted for CONS: doesn't accound for weakness of infrastructure and buildings, aswell as population densitry and vulnerability

Answer 44

it is a meausre of the damage i.e the eddects of the shaking on surface, buildings, and humans (intensity scale) it is a descriptice scale which is qualitative and subjective ranges from I-XII PROS: useful locally with an ordinary eyewitness takes into account vulnerability and records damage clear descriptiond for each threshold CONS: subjective we can only use it in an area with people e.g., we can only use it in an area with people e.g., not in a super rural area/ underwater

Answer 45

- soil liquefaction - water saturated sediment loses cohesion due to shaking, causing sediment to lose bearing strength so buildings sink and topple - property damage, death - causes buildings to shake vigorously so they fall apart and collapse and collapsed buildings can injure people (near roads makes ir harder to access injured people) -> broken water and sewage pipelines mean no running water - mass movement - e.g, mudslides and avalanches cause destruction of land and destroys villages, roads, and isolates communities hampering relief - fires - earthquakes rupture gas pipes and breake electricity cables and destruction of property due to fires - tidal waves - e.g., underwater earthquakes makes the sea floor snap up, lifting a column of water. Gravity pulls the water down, fanning waves outwards. the individual waves stretch out and waves meet slope and shollow water. wavelenfth decreases, amplitude rrises. this causes buildings to be destroyed, flooding (disease, destruction of property, displacement), water damage

Answer 46

Haiti, located in the Caribbean on the western part of the island of Hispaniola. It took place on the 12th January 2010. It measured at a 7 on the Richter scale, and a level 9 on the Mercalli scale. it had devastating impacts. the epicentre of the earthquake was 25km south of the capital

Answer 47

200,000 poeple killed - 60% of the capital, Port-au-prince was destroyed - 65km rupture in the E-PG fault and a 1.8 m slip - 100 UN workers died - buildings made aid harder to receive - families fled to villages puttong more stain on them - roads, comms, electricity, severely damaged hampering aid - bodies were trapped - disease

Answer 48

- 230,000 deaths, 6900 of which were due to cholera - 500,000 cases of cholera form cholera epidemic - 1.5 million homeless - 60% infrastructure destroyed - 70% buildings collapsed - $8 billion in damages and losses - 4000 amputees -4000 prisoners escaped -20% jobs disappeared - by July 1910 98% rubble remained uncleaned and 1.6 million were in temporary camps

Answer 49

-NOT as they were still recovering form earthquakes in 2008 x4, 2004, where 60% of harvests were destroyed and landslides - the enquillo-plantain guardian fault hadn't moved in the past 250 years so it was unexpected - building destruction meant they needed help - had limited infrastructure and health services and they didn't have an emergency plan unlike Chile makng it difficult to cope - lack of coordination na dlack of UN personell

Answer 50

borders opened with the Dominican Republic for those who needed hospitals available - iceland had an emergency response team in Haiti within 24 hours - over 1500 camps were set up all over Port-au-prince - bad sanitation arrangement meant that encampments were full of excrement - only 1 delivery a week of water , causing people to drink unfiltered water leading to cholera - NGOs came however few spoke french

Answer 51

- it is poor - despite having 9.8 million people it only has a GNI of $660 per person per annum - high infant mortality, high HIV %, heavily dependant remittances sent from family members abroad (in 2008 it was worth 32 % of country's GDP) - They had already been impacted from previous earthquakes and were recovering - only 2 % of land is forested (due to deforestation and charcoal manufacture) so it was more susceptible to landslides - Haiti sits on a set of complex plate margins - massive increase in capital due to rural urban migration so the impacts were felt deeply - many public services run by aid charities in the UN making it difficult to coordinate and respond - lack of disaster planning

Answer 52

most are on convergent plate boundaries. most of these volcanoes are composite. (pacific) most volcanoes are near the ocean because of the plates moving together that have to diff densities - DESTRUCTIVE (the oceanic crust subducts and melts creating magma) some anomolies include the East african rift valley, iceland where the plates are constructive (allowing magma to rise as plates move apart) + more shield and fissure volcanoes - some v in middle of ocean because there is a hotspot

Answer 53

SUBDUCTION

Answer 54

Boundary- destructive shape- steep sides (lava can't flow far- alternating layers of lava and ash) ejecta type- viscous, sticky ('acidic') explosivity - violent, hardening rock blocks vents and builds pressure frequency - rare hazard- pyroclastic flows, lahars e.g., Mt Fuji

Answer 55

Boundary- constructive shape- gentle slope (lava can flow far) ejecta type- thin, runny 'basic' lava explosivity - effusive (non explosive), made of basalt and a few gases frequency - frequent hazard- gases and lava flows e.g., Mauna Loa (Hawaii, USA)

Answer 56

1. there is a localised area of the mantle which is particularly hot. this is a (mantle) plume of heat. (it melts crust and forms volcanoes) 2. as the plate passes over the plume it starts to melt which is facilitated by the high heat and low pressure at the base of the lithosphere (plate) 3. This melt, called magma, rises to form volcanoes 4. as the plate moves away from the hotspot, the crust cools and becomes denser and sinks, resulting in the former volcanoes becoming denser and sinking, which results in the former volcano disappearing beneath the ocean surface to form underwater sea mounts

Answer 57

it measures the explosivity of eruptions based on the amount of material it ejects during the eruption. it is quantitative. pro - objective (good way to measure size) con- doesn't take into account the length of eruption or type of material erupted

Answer 58

ash clouds, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, lahars, gas emission, tephra, geysers, wildfire, Jokulhaup which causes floods

Answer 59

An ash column rises into the atmosphere, spreads and as it calls can fall onto the ground. hazard- can disrupt air travel as it is dangerous for aircraft engines, covers infrastructure, and can make it hard to breath (e.g., if you have asthma), difficult to clean up

Answer 60

A pyroclastic flow is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. if it is denser than air it will flow downhill and is very fast and very very hot. it can be a flow of volcanic gases. hazard- when it hits buildings it can destory them, burns/kills peopel and animals, can flow down river valleys and over topographical barriers

Answer 61

more viscous lava is slower but if it less viscous it travels further, making it more hazardous hazard- it can travel very far and any immovable infrastructure will be destroyed/buried under the flow

Answer 62

lahar is when tephra mixes with water and it produces deadly mud flows (lahars). this can be caused by hot ash mixed with ice/ rainfall and ash. They are fast and close to boiling temp. hazard- they can bury infrastructure and risk of secondary lahar can be mixed with rainfall triggering mud flow

Answer 63

gases can build upt o dangerous levels in volcanoes in a limnic eruption ( CO2 and sulfur dioxide) hazard- can suffocate/kill livestock

Answer 64

fragmented magma produced during the eruption. it includes ash, volcanic bombs, cinders it is dangerous

Answer 65

Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in Iceland on 20th March 2010

Answer 66

by 15th April the ash plume began to affect Europe (as far as N Italy) e.g., flights were shut down for several days and over 100,000 air jounreys were cancelled as Iceland is under the jet stream and it pushed ash SE. - water flowed into volcano, rapidly vaporising increasing its explosive power and it cooled very fast so glass rich ash was pushed into the atmosphere possible: volcanic ash, lava flow destroying buildings, gases from volcanoes, tephra falls having a local impact

Answer 67

economic impact of £200million per day for airline industry - affected other countries e.g., UK tourism lost £750 million in direct sales per day (0.5% UK's tourism-related sales in 2010) in addition to an airline loss of £750 million (the UK also suffered form indirect losses of £450 million) - Nissan plant in Japan has to stop the production of some models like the CUbe anand Murano SUV as they ran out of supply of critical sensors produced in Ireland £450 million cost shows high value of air freight as 35% trade is air freight compared to 0.5% mass - flower and fruit and veg production impacted in African countries e.g., Kenya, Zambia, GHana due to delays in transportation meaning large quantities were left to rot e.g., $3 million in losses per day in Kenya and 1000+++ worker laid off temporarily in total African countries lost 65$ million - potential local contamination of water and crop failures

Answer 68

yes - vulnerable prior to earthquake where 60% harvests destroyed - capacity to cope, unexpected (first time in 250 years) - hindering capacity to prepare e.g., disaster planing and evacuation, only 2% of land forested to it was more susceptible to mudslides impacting access to water in villages, LiC - GNI is 660$ per person per annum limiting services and infrastructure, services run by charities impacting ability to repsond no- if the magnitude had been lower, haiti received lots of aid worldwide e.g., Iceland emergency team in 24 hours however language barrier, half their debt was cancelled by world bank heping them rebuild in the long term

Answer 69

short-term- lava flow, ash clouds, pyroclastic flow. pyroclastic flow is the flow of tephra - it destroys buildings due to force and heat and people can be killed. it also has an immediate cost and panic. lava can travel fast and far, having a higher impact so immovable infrastructure destroyed + farmland - economic impact. gas clouds because it can impact air travel e.g., 2010 iceland volcano. Long term - economic impacts, housing & land. e.g., global supply affected and trade (2010 volcano). contamination of water local can be hard to clean up (from ash fall), and high conc of flouride which is harmful to animals. people are displaced and land + infrastructure destroyed. wider environmental impacts on wildlife as they threaten ecosystems. Tsunamis are another consequence btw limitations - short term impacts also affected by level of develpment in area/may be limited by work of aid organisations or in more developed countries by widespread emergency services LINK TO MAGNITUDE BY SAYING SHIELD VOLCANOES ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO VOLCANO FLOWS AND ARENT ON DESTRUCTIVE PLATE BOUNDARIES

Answer 70

it is a cyclical machine which detects earthquakes and a swarm of earthquakes suggests that rising magma causes rock to shift (causing earthquakes and therefore volcanoes) pros- you can use it to triangulate movement of earthquake and therefore magma cons- premature evacuation and people might not take it as serious

Answer 71

level of activity indicates likelihood of a volcano to explode

Answer 72

it shows explosivity when activity is spotted so teams can investigate further. If it increases it tells us that something has moved, therefore volcanic activity con- monitoring equipment must be there which is difficult if it is remote

Answer 73

you can compare it to gauge the type and explosivity (chemistry of rock) aswell as seeing the distance it has travelled and tephra pro- helps identify hazard cons - associate with volcano, doesn't help predict timing, assuming it will be the same scale

Answer 74

by using tilt meters, you can see and compare that the magma reservoir below has inflated, causing the dome to inflate. this causes earthquakes because stressed rocks cause earthquakes. pros - helps monitor and find where magma is rising from cons - its location could be a false alarm, we are just inferring information (not certain)

Answer 75

build up of magma leads to volcanic eruptions sometimes. cons- longer term and can be hard to predict when the actual eruption will happen

Answer 76

- cheap geothermal energy can be generated from tectonic activity e.g., two-thirds of Iceland's electricity E - people living in poverty have other things to think about on a daily basis e.g., food, money, security, family E/S - plate margins often coincide with favourable areas for settlement such as coastal areas where ports have developed E/En - soil near volcanoes is very fertile e.g., Naples area inc Mt Vesuvius for veg, grapes, other fruit, herbs E - housing can be cheaper in some areas E - relocating means moving away from families and friends and work S - communities have built up around volcanoes because of tourism potential e.g., warm bathing lakes, hot springs, geysers E - people may think there's a low chance of anything actually happening -more effective monitoring and aqequate warnings so few are harmed S - people feel safe in buildings that are designed specifically S - valuable minerals such as tin, gold, diamonds are found near volcanoes to jobs are produced for mineral extraction - fault lines associated with water can allow water supplies to reach the surface, which is particularly important in desert regions

Answer 77

remote sensing and GIS for prediction, building design and land use planning for prevention , and warning and evacuation for preparation

Answer 78

- monitoring levels in water wells increases pressure increases, causing water to rise/ increase in tensions can cause more fractures so water levels fall - measuring ground uplift and tilting near features - rock ability to transmit electricity because the more water a rock holds, the better it can transmit electricity and the more fractures there are, the more water present - measure smaller earthquakes with a seismograph can predict larger earthquakes as it can be an aftershock, which can help prepare by giving a warning (however not WHEN) by monitoring wave activity - satellites can measure temp and ground deformation and can detect a large fault slip -measure gas emissions e.g., radon gas (detected in ground water) can mean earthquake as fractures release gas and it is an early indicator - where a few earthquakes have been, there will probably be more due to build-up (forecasting)

Answer 79

remote sensing of earth's surface using satellites to provide data about changes in ground movement e.g., temp. change

Answer 80

- foundation bolds tie the wall's flexibility to foundations increasing strength - cross bracing - land use planning ensures there is open space to evacuate and ensures buildings aren't built in at-risk areas - automatic shutters prevent glass from going everywhere - shear walls are made from banners that can shake without breaking - increases strength and reduces damage from earthquakes - shock absorbers, springs, wheels, ball bearings isolate buildings from the shaking grounds which prevents buildings from collapsing due to stress going to building reducing - buildings with reinforced concrete with networks of bar (steel bars within concrete) can stop the shaking causing the brittle concrete to fall - resistant water, gas, electrical mains (can be tilted with devices that automatically cut off to prevent fires) and water mains with flexible joints resist being damaged so water supply isnt cut off, minimising impacts

Answer 81

- emergency kits and grab bags - for mitigation - preparedness- training pupils in school and wider public and for families, schools, and factories, to have their own plan e.g., secure your space - evacuation plans reduce panic and ensures people are more likely to get help - can increase awareness - satellite imagery can help coordinate response e.g., on a city scale - if an alarm is raised, people can get to safety quickly e.g., under a desk or on a larger scale whole trains can stop reducing impact - seismic activity can give warning from seismic stations (with images) - seismic hazard mapping uses all data to show the areas of highest earthquake risk - having warning systems in place can allow people to hide - posters, signs, sirens to warn people

Answer 82

Tohuku earthquake and tsunami in Japan 2011 - 18,000, people died, 3 nuclear reactors at Fukushima power station were destroyed, and fear of radiation lead to 154,000 people from Fukushima, Iwate, Miyagi being evacuated - Tsunami waves up to 40m high - only 10 min evacuation time - magnitude of 9 moment magnitude (Mw) - chaotic response caused more damage than any possible contamination - 1 worker dies from radiation RRR: - restrictions lifted in 2017, many havent returned e.g. young adults have settled elsewhere - only 25% people have returned, of which are mainly elderly, due to perceptions and people's trust in science being destroyed. - conditions still seemed unsafe when gov lifted restrictions and withdrew compensation payments bad - Okuma still had 50x the normal safety levels of radiation - contamination of soil made areas uninhabitable - in 2022, 1 million tonnes of contaminated water will be exceeded in storage and will have to be removed somehow - depression is 2x above the national av and 2300 people died due to disruption of medical care/suicide good-96% of planned works completed - millions of tonnes of waste have been removed - 400 km of new seawalls (2x as high as before) - 2013 health report shows no radiation-related cases - in 2017, a study found that in the worst affected area, life expectancy had only decreased by 3 months

Answer 83

Haiti 2010 earthquake. LiC and politically unstable. lack of urban planning causing Port-auPrince to be severely overpopulated and unregulated building standards. Lack of forestation led to flooding and landslides -230,000 killed in Port-au-Prince - damage caused is estimated to be 120% of Haiti's GDP - 1000s NGOs went to aid Haiti - famine floods disease - money was focused in short term relief not long term - the interim Haiti recovery commission was responsible for aid projects and was disbanded in Nov 2011, only having spent less than half of the $4.6 billion budget, of which less than 10% went to the Gov directly and only 0.6% went to supporting Haitian businesses RRR: major crop losses (70% lost) in 2015-7 due to drought - worsened malnutrition - 20% annual inflation worsened impacts and played a part in the president being assassinated - squalid camps still exist, families have no running water, electricity, - UN plan for humanitarian aid only raised a third of the money needed to support 4.2 million people - no cholera reported since 2019 feb, showing medical system has widened

Answer 84

emergency aid (money), shelter, supplies

Answer 85

risk assessment, hazard mapping, rebuilding programmes

Answer 86

can help those in need and rehabilitation (+ rebuilding in long term). This is especially important in LiCs. It can also help fund basic needs for those affected + cleaning of roads. Aswell as funding search and rescues, temporary shelters, medical supplies and personell.

Answer 87

providing emergency resources, money, expertise, in the wake of a disaster

Answer 88

- help impacted families get to safety (from climate etc..) - helps get people out of danger, makes sure they have basic needs, can be a safety point/hub for relief efforts, gives access to services and prevents knock-on effects of earthquake, like illness - provides hygiene and sanitation (preventing long term health challenges

Answer 89

mitigates its effects and provides immediate relief to those displaced e.g., food, water, (dehydration, starvation ,malnutrition) clothes, first aid first aid can help those injured and prevent diseases that could arise and radios are useful for communications

Answer 90

providing emergency food, clean water

Answer 91

-can identify vulnerable areas which need to be improved - help inform people e.g., response units of where to go and public awareness - can get aid to those who need it most

Answer 92

assessing current state of situation and problems so that action can be taken to improve

Answer 93

- identifies vulnerable areas and informs where to sned emergency services e.g., steep terrain, valleys, easily blocked streets, unstable terrain - helps coordinate response - identifies which areas need most ais, mitigating impacts post earthquake to coordinate personell (helps form risk mapping)

Answer 94

- informs people of which areas might not be ideal for living/where to construct shear walls, foundation bolts, etc.. -can improve infrastructure which can improve impacts of earthquakes and resilience - improving infrastructure of buildings and bridges and roads can help save money and reduce severity of impacts

Answer 95

core areas may have human and physical advantages- topography and environment can affect ability to build and develop, therefore impacting economic activity. Harder-to-access areas mean it is harder to get resources there and access to education and services may be worse e.g., amazon rainforest - access to water can lead to uneven development because historically waterways have been used for transport and trade, improving economic activity