economic stuff Flashcards
tyopics not covered- why wee need to manaege uk energy use + definitions
1
Q
why did the quaternay sector grow in silicon valley?
A
- it used to be an agricultural region
- it became a place in the aerospace industry after it became a port
- it has accessiblity to universities like stanford which aim to promote science, engineers and prepares them to work for tech companies
- this prep also many breaktrhoughs to take place in private companies
- e.g., the semi conductor industry led to computer industry which grew further- furthered by space race and money from the defence department which boosted growth and created a safe foundation especially with govenmernt invesmtent
- time allowed it to grow
- lass of internationa competition allowed it to grow
- ti was a product of post war america
2
Q
what are the impacts of the shift into the quatrnary sector?
A
- high skilled thech - leads to rapid expansion of agricultural things and housing, development of industry attracting migrants from external regions
- this means that due to the influx of new people, demand for housing outstrips supply and prises rise rapidly
- huge increase in industrial traffic aswell - pressure on highway
- employees seek out more affordable housing in lower-cost peripheral locations and an extended commutnig increases pressure on the highway system
- all of this means more land is required for trasnsport and environmental quality reduced
- the lack of available space means there is more problem with revruitment anf resident ocmpanies seek to ecpand new areas
3
Q
what was the positive social impact on silicon valley being in the quaternary sector?
A
- access to good unis and improved investment
- this can cycle back into communities and force schools to improve to accomodate with the rise in standards
- knowledge can also be shared with institutions like state universities
- many companies will have good amenities to attract workers
- higher salaries may also increase quality of life - cycles back into communities through taxes
4
Q
what was the positive economic impact on silicon valley being in the quaternary sector?
A
- there is a large economic output of 245$ billion - benificial as it can recycle back into community and monetory incentive
- created jobs e.g., in the 60-80s Santa Clara added 203,000 manufactruing jobs
- GDP per persion is 108,000$ - highest ever and can be cycled back into community through taxing
5
Q
what was the positive environmental impact on silicon valley being in the quaternary sector?
A
companies may nivest (very locally) un areas
- some companies look into green energy having a wider (operhaps global impact) - may not be accessible
6
Q
what was the negative social impact on silicon valley being in the quaternary sector?
A
- high GDP causes soaring house prices - pusshes out low income and makes it innaccessible to live there, epecially if oyu dont work in tech industry
- large houses mean apratment blocks cant be built
- problematic cultural shifts
- rising inequality
- homelessness
7
Q
what was the negative econmic impact on silicon valley being in the quaternary sector?
A
-rising inequality due to housing prices
- reducing diversity, makes area unlivable
- changing house prices along with increasing demand and increasing wages
- increased general cost of living e.g., rent is among the highest in USA
8
Q
what was the negative eonvironmental impact on silicon valley being in the quaternary sector?
A
- suburban scrawl causes severe traffic congestion
- pollution means most affected area is central valley where the poorer are
- water shortagres - from energy requiremwents
- groundwater plumes of solvent moves near working class areas and industrial zones are exposed to pollution and worsened inequality
- pollution from precious metala nd waterways are polluted - run off gasoline pesticides, oil, soil, txins
- EPA names it some of the most contaminated land int he country
0 vapour intrusion can lead to leukemia (e.g., google has been related to this)
9
Q
what is de industrialisation?
A
the the process whereby thre importance of manufacturing in the economy declines
- impacts local communities , environemnt, economy
10
Q
why did the secondary industry - cars - decline in detroit?
A
- in the 20s is ws fully industrialised with cars
- the great depression led to employment ebing cut, production being cut, and people had less disposable income
- migration changes and racism (creating tensions adn strikes - opression form police) - WHITW FLIGHT
- there was great segregation and there was little space for african american people to live which lead to rumours, riots where 30 people were killed in riots a
- the ‘white flight’ meant manufacturering companies also moved to the suburbs, draining neighbourhoods od business, leading tot he deteriorations
- rise of japanese
- epole unable to get loans for cars
11
Q
secotr shift meaning?
A
the change of relative importance of economy’s sectors
12
Q
what are the positive social impacts of this sector shift in detroit?
A
- 2008-2013 - railway system, school reform, and demolition of houses (which were auctioned and land use plannning) - imporveв QoL
- gentrification improved downtown (increased QoL)
13
Q
what are the positive economic impacts of this sector shift in detroit?
A
in some ways, the bankrupcy of Detroit, post decline of 2ndary indusyry meant thery were able to angle away from the automotive industry
14
Q
what are the positive environmental impacts of this sector shift in detroit?
A
- land use planning means the demolition od abandoned houses
15
Q
what are the negative social impacts of this sector shift in detroit?
A
- lead to an increase in crime
- illeteracy rate of 47% - QoL and services decreased
- divide between suburbs and downtown detroit including house prices , continued segragation (Grosse Point Black 85% are white and in Detroit city - 82% are black) - house p[rices suggests an inequality in QoL
- 38% jobs require a fdegree but the school systems orent good - (100 schoools closed since 2005)
- 71% jobs are held by people living in the suburbs
- foreclosure cirsis
- spme of the highest crime rates (53 per 100,000 as of 2022
- ## 1 in 3 live bellow the poverty line and 1 in 2 children live below povery line
16
Q
what are the negative economic impacts of this sector shift in detroit?
A
- unemployment (2009 - 28% people unemployed (for black people over 30%))
- had to apply for bankrupsy in 2013 due4 to financial crisis and mismanagement
- $ 18 billion in long term debt
- 250,000 jobs short since 2004
- reposession of homes due to not being able to keep up with the morgage payments (social)
- population loss has led to a reduction in tax base and less money recycled back into community
- underfuninng of public servidea and over 100 schools have closed and 40% street lights don’t work
- as business’s move out there is a spiral of decline and loss of income
17
Q
what are the negative environmental impacts of this sector shift in detroit?
A
- abandoned factories have beocme ‘brownfields’ and pollute detroid, making it unattractive to urban redevelopment
- urban decay and 70,000 abandoned buildings (and 21,000 empty houses)
18
Q
why can we see the indvidual economic impact of the sector change in detroit?
A
because it had the highest median income at one point which is now no longer the case
19
Q
what are some factors that affect the location of the quaternary employment
A
- the environment (atmopshere) can attract people close to universities and skilled workers
- good internet speed can accomodate work
- government policy can create incentives like tax cuts to promote the sector
20
Q
what are 2 impacts of the economic change in china?
A
- increased disparity and inequality between urban elite and the rest of the population. decreases QoL and particularly the rural poor as they are increasingly unhappy
- increased ubranisation and its consquences
21
Q
who does the uqaternary sector mainly benefit in Silicon Valley?
A
the wealthy- it is only available to people with higher level of educaation, which can be costly
- high gdp pushes people out
22
Q
how does silicon valley affect other areas?
A
it prevent other places from exmpanding because it is such a strong global hub. it was formed under specigic conditions creatinga stable foundation
- however new tech can have global benefits e.g., cars
- they can control some sectors like social medias whch can shape culture
23
Q
what is the economic output and gdp of silicon valley?
A
- billion $
gdp - $840 billion - highger than saudi arabia, switzerland
24
Q
has each impact of the deindustialisartion of Detroit impacted residents in the same way?
A
no:
- high dropout rate + illiteracy rate - lower income and higer% unemplyment
– people in suburbs feel less of the impact as they are wealthier?
-
25
why has the primary sector decreased?
- sources of raw materials become more exhausted so manufacturing might change location
- increased wealth increases ability to import so primary sector decreases
- tech and globalisation means trade it muh more common place and often cheaper
- changed government policy might mean that there are fewer resources to be used e.g., political agreements
- the mechanisation of agriculture and manufacturing reduced demand for labour + new tech - new labour no lonher required
26
why has the secondary sector increased?
- the introduction of the grid means that all energy required for manufacturing is supplied
- population increase boosts demand for a range of goods and services like food and manufactured home appliances and an increase in population also increases population force
- poor labour laws may allow children to be employed
- external pressures like WW2 and need for rms
- better paid
- increased labour (force) from primary sector
27
why does the secondary sector decrease?
relocation of a factory may lead to a loss of secondary sector jobs
- globalisation advances transport and communication tech which affects employment form place to place
- outsourcing of labout
- mechanisation of manufacturing that increased output and efficiency, reduces demand for labour. e.g., new tech and industrial machinery and so people move to the tertiary sector
28
why has the tertiary and quaternary sector increased?
- tech advances can in its most advanced forms create new industries called high tech inducstries e.g., biotech and robotics
this creates jobs which spread out + are interlinked
research also opens new sectors and also is supported by computers and internet
- the growht of transnatrional corporations boost and expand this market
- tourism=more disposable income
- globalisation drives trade
- as the tertiary sector grows and a country develops demand increases as more people earn more so they also spend more (and disposable income increases) which increases demand for goods and services-consumerism
29
what is the impact of raw materials depleting on sectors?
-sources of raw materials become exhausted so location may change
- people lose jobs as there's no more materials to exploit
- primary sector decreases
- primary industry offshored
30
how does new tech cause a sector shift?
- mechanisation of agriculture reduces labour requirement\ + new tech (automation)
- new technology also creates high tech industries which increases tertiary and quartenrary employment
- this allows offshoring to take place to because connections imporve and decreases the need for labour
31
how does globalisation cause a sector shift?
globalisation improved transport which gave more links and access to to secondary secyor and allows for offshoring
electricity allows secondary sector to function
- communicartion and tech increasing leads ot tertiary sector growing as there are new industries and trade is more commonplace so lings like primary sector are not as in need \(agreements are more easily forged)
- people move away - 'brain drain' for higher salaries
32
how does social and demographic change cause a sector shift?
- as popoulation demand for goods and services increases - growth in goods and services increases and creates more labour (particularly in seonday and tertiary sectors)
- aging population may mean less contribution to work force in proportion to popualtion
33
how doe govenrment policy impact sector shifts?
govdernment policay can change focus on a sector e.g., sapitalist country might want more poeple to buy goods to promote the economy so teriary sector may increase e..g, china invested in secondary sector to produce manufactured goods for a global marked
- drives investment in certain sectors!!!
34
what is premature industrialisation?
Premature deindustrialization happens when a country’s factories and industries shrink before it becomes fully developed. Normally, nations move from farming (agriculture) to industry (factories, manufacturing) and then to services (like banking, tech, and tourism) as they grow richer. But in some places, factories start closing too early—before they create enough jobs or wealth. This can slow down progress and make it harder for people to find good-paying jobs.
It often happens because of globalization, automation, or bad economic policies, making it tough for developing countries to grow like richer ones did in the past.
35
what are the key impacts of premature industrialisation?
air and water pollution and general environmental degradation
36
why is premature industrialisation happening?
countries are rapidly developing and this leads to offshoring. AI and robots are also chippnig awy at the number of workers needed in factories and countries are more vulnerable if they are dependant on exports and can't compete with countries in terms of productivity.
here are some other key reacons as to why this is happening:
1. Globalization & Trade Policies
Many developing countries struggle to compete with cheap imports from places like China.
Richer nations often protect their own industries with subsidies, making it harder for new industries in poorer countries to grow.
2. Automation & Technology
Machines and robots are replacing factory workers, reducing the need for human labor.
Developing countries can no longer rely on labor-intensive manufacturing to create jobs like they did in the past.
3. Shifts to Services Too Soon
Many economies are jumping straight from agriculture to services (like retail or call centers) without fully developing a strong industrial base.
Services usually don’t create as many stable, high-paying jobs as manufacturing does.
4. Bad Economic Policies
High taxes, complex regulations, and corruption discourage investments in manufacturing.
Poor infrastructure (bad roads, unreliable electricity) makes it hard for factories to operate efficiently.
5. Weak Domestic Demand
In many developing countries, people don’t earn enough to buy locally-made products, so industries don’t grow.
Instead, businesses rely on exports, which can be unstable due to global market changes.
6. Environmental & Climate Pressures
Stricter environmental rules and climate change policies push industries to move to other regions.
Some countries avoid industrialization due to concerns over pollution and sustainability.
37
describe the key (negative) impacts of premature deindustrialisation:
a demographic dividend (short term benefit where a country has an increase in ages 15-35 as birth rate falls) which leads to more unemployment and may lead to a rise in violence and cerime which negatively impacts society.
- tertiary sector may nor b e able to absorb the impacts
- without local industries - reliance may increase on imports
- more people may end up in informal jobs
- greater economic instabilitygov loses out on taxes which support society
38
describe the key (positive) impacts of premature deindustrialisation:
- it can bring developnment and wealth to countries who have previously suffered the consequences of colonialism
- some countries may succesfully transition
- reudction in harmful impacts to environment and promote sustainable development
-may lead to automation
- may be a greater emphasis on education due to sector shift to tertiary sector
39
what is the most significant impact of premature deindustrialisatoin
- more educated people can enter tertiary secotr
0 unemployment leading to violence and crime + tax not paid leading to sycle of decline and deprivation
leads to a cultural shidft due to conc of wealth and power
40
name an emerging economy experiencing a sectoral shift
china
41
what is the situation in rural china?
- poor pay
- 100 million chinese live below the poverty line
- quality of life is much poorer and more iscontent
- they feel stuck
- less infrastructure and services in rural areas for people ot enjoy
42
where are economic shifts in china occuring?
- in cities where the urban elite are potiviely affected but the middle class are unable to omve and there is a hige disparity between the elite and everyone else. this continues to grow, eexceialcly as housing prices increase
43
why is manufacturing os successful in china? what are the impacts to any changes?
- GDP has risen to $18 trillion
- in 1987 china's gdp was 4% and in 2018 it was 18% (trebled)\-
- cheap worlwide shipping became avsilbale (offshoring asnd containerisation)
-privatisation and foreign investment was introduced
- there are 4 special economic zones including shenzen with tax benefits (it is the single fastest growing city & is just north of Hong `Kong so had connection to the west)
- allowed manufacturing of electonics - 90% electronics are atleast in part made in china
- labour is much cheaper and living is cheaper aswell
china has artificially depressed their currency so western countries buy more for less
- tac incentive e.g. tax cuts on exports
- good for white label companies (which make products without a brand) and then can later be customised
- however wages are increaseing and there is the rise of AI which may lead to onshoring in other countries - decline ?
44
describe the transformation from manufacturing into services
as economy developed,, there was a shift to services and poeple have more money to spend on servies due to increased availability wealth
relying on shoppers rather than outward investment
however this only takes place in urban areas
45
why is shenzhen special?
- it is on the coast and connected to hong kong - used to be a small fishing town
- special economic zoen- low tax
- lagest commercial hub for electronis
- can meet high manufacturing demands of the world- have abundant supply of sources and ability to develop and innovation - e.g., maufacturers, designers - elads to growth
-- parks centers for innovation and development focused on emerging industries rather than sevices
- the gov is flexible nd will help up and coming companies aswell as start ups e.g., Royole
- coninues to updrade business models to support enterprices
- cheaper to develop and also quicker
- good education focused on sector
46
what are the future implications of the Shenzhen economic sector shift?
- provide more jobs ans highly competetive corporations - invest
- shapes china's growht into high tech economy
- china can't sustain its current growht by just moving people from primaery to secondary sector
47
what sector shifts are experienced by china?
growth of secondary sector (and emerging rtertiary and quaternary sector)
48
pros of China's economic secotr shift
- increase in children educated (school: 2006 68% and in 2023 it was 96%, higher ed enrolment rate is 69%)
- in 2021, the poorest 100 million were no longer living below the poverty line
- gdp per person has increased from 14,000$ (2015) to $24500 in 2023
- increased production of power e.g., solar power - in 2022 it was the global leader of solar power
- wages have risen annually by 30%
- shenzhen %GDP contribution fromm quaternary sector is now 6%
- more investment in computing and IT
49
negatives of the sector shift inchina
- increased greenhouse emissions
(arround 9 tonnes currently)
- 60% of groundwater underneath chinese cities are severely pollutes
- 70% of global e waste end up in china - posed environmental and health risks, releasing pollutants
- in shnghai only 605 of population is registered demonstrating the increased disparity in chinese cities + many dont' have access to services like quality of life
- decreased quality of diet
china burnd 54% of worlds fossil fuels
- air pollution
50
what is peak land value
the higher the peak in the middle, the greate rth eland value
- the outer peaks show nearby population liek employers and customers
- there is accessibility to roasds
51
what is bid rent theory?
how much epopel are willlign to pay that an industry or business is willing to pay for a certain location and different industries have different peaks on the peak lnd values as they have different requirements
52
what is thte concentric zone model aka burgis model
- there is also a canal sometimes whihch leads to engouraged economicactivity due to accesibility
+ historical distribution
- working at home might mean that emoployers move elsewhere
- land values may depend on accesssibility including access to raw materials, markets lbours
- all moterways feed into cbd
- helps explain why most activities are in the CBD as transport converges there
- decentralisation of services may occur out of cheapness e.g., industrial estates
- lower land may encourage growht elswhere
- outer towns encourages workers to commute + good transport links
53
what influences the location ef economic activities?
- gov policy (may impact land use and tax breaks + other incentives to get companies to settle elsewhere)
- amenities (important for workers)
- employees (quarternary sector may need skilled educated epopple e.g., near uni)
- infrastructure as companies are more likely to use pre existing infrastructure e.g., electricity, transport, water
- good transport ( more customers - accessibility and beterr visiblility, allows export and transporting goods, makes companies more attractive to work for)
- customers (accessibility and need to be near customers + urban population)
- chepa land (allows companies to have more space and more money may be incvested elsewhere )
- raw materials (seconday sector need to be near it and it is required ofr industry
most important factr = transport imo
54
what are push factors due to decentralisation
push:
- espensive and rising costs
- noise and air pollution
- dirty
- fewwe people coming to office and hard to justify rent
- competition
- congestion
- exeptions like police nd hospitals much be near to population
55
What are some pull factors to the rural uban finge due to decentralisation?
more green and noise and air pollution
- better transport and infrasturcture
- more space
- cleaner
incentives from government
0 momenum and drive to be near othewr similar business'
- can attract more workers from further away
56
name some jobs from each economic sectors e.g, primary
p - farmy, miner, fishing, fforestry
s - factory worker, manufacturing, butcher
t- mechanic, dentict, nurse, waiter, business men etc,
q - student, reporter, lab worker, professor, engineer
informal economy - clowen, gardeners, babywitting
57
name the stake holders in energy
- people (for food, household appliances and heating)
- companies and corporagtions need energy to work and make profit
- gov?
58
challenges with uk's energy production, distribution, and use
- many people unknowingly waste energy - change in behaviours
- fossil fues release CO2
- more renewable energy needed which isnt available
- loss of energy in transportation
- over reliance on other countries
pre existing infrastructure may discourage people from wanting to use renewable resouces
- older houses arent equipt for new energy
- finite roesources runnign out
- political agreements and policy can hinder access to energy
59
how are fossil fuels made?
fuel (coal and gas) is burned in a boiler which produces steam, which is produced under tremendous pressure. this flows into a turbine which spins a generator, crating electricity. the water is then resues (condensed). it is a thermal power station.
oil is burned in combustion turbines to produve mechanical power and spin generator.
oil must go through some processing before it is used e.g., cruse oil is refined
60
what is hydraulic fracturing aka fracking?
used to extract shale gas and deep holes are drilled down into the shale rofk. then they drill horizontally to access more gas as shale eeserves are typically ditributed horizontaly.
61
nuclear power - how is it collected and made
nuclear reactions rrelease nuclear energy which is turned into heat energy. RHis chaznges water into steam in aboiler and the steam drives the turbine and drives the generator to produce electricity
kinetic energy- electrical enrerghy
62
how is boijmass collected and made?
goes through combustion and biomadss turns water into steam which flows over turbine blades and spins them
biomass is renerable
63
what is a more dangerous type of oil?
tar sands in bitumen - more co2 emitted
64
solar power- how is it made
renewable energy source generated from the sun. solar panels capture this energy and convert it
mirrors amy be used yot focus and concentrate solar radiation on s block of salt so water evapourates
65
how is wind energy made?
wind kinetic energy turns into electric energy
66
how is geothermal energy made?
comes from natural heat of earth.
cold water is pumped to the earth which heats under high pressure. it goes back up and drives the turbine
67
what is the informal sector
work that isnt officially recognised and is often self employed, with irregular hours, tax free, with no employment rights, state benefits. it is often undertaken by migrants
68
what are the characteristic of the informal employment?
- 60 % of owrld ois in the informal sector (2 billion people)
- in general it is concentrates in west africa e.g., DRC, Mali, Mozambique
- as gdp increases % of informal employment decreases
- most informal employment is in agriculture, forestry, fishing (91%) and domestic workers (over 80%)
- most jobs involve manual labour
- LICs with less than 5000 gdp per capity have over 90% in informal employment but with GDP per capita at 51000 the informal emplyment is 15.5%
69
are there any issues with collecting information about informal employment?
no gov registration so hard to get info
cash is hard to track
not taxed or regulated
70
why does informal emplyoment exist?
- people who have lack of paperwork can't apply for formal jobs
- peoppel have a lack of choice due to high mighration e.g.,g urbaisation
- people who are unqualidfied need money
- areas with cfhild labour ;laws may lead to an increase in chidren loocking for jobs elsewhere
- rapid rural urban migration - where jobs don't meet demand, corruption, soial norms
71
name an emerging economy with high informal employment
lagos, nigeria
72
what informal jobs are done in lagod
waste recyclign, street vending, shoe shining, etc
73
how much % of gdp in nigeria is produced in Lagos?
30%
74
what are the benefits for workers in the informal economy? who are they?
- people who otehrwise arent skilled
- there are about 1000 homes in the Olusosun landfill and they scavange there and Makoko lagoon
- due to rapid urbanisation they woudl otherwise be unemployed
- people in makoko create ecnomic activity e.g., bot service in communities
- workeers can eearn up to 2x minimum wage and have career progression
- it can create self reliance
- peopel can get mobile devices for cheaper - development (????)
75
what are the benefits for local gov and city in the informal economy?
- by creating jobs there is less unemployment and crime
- some cdompanies may invest indirectly in informal economuy so they have economic progress
- leads to less reliance on gov
- 42% GDP contribution from informal economu
- cna help sub regulate services
76
what are the disatvantages of dangers for workers in the informal economy?
- no benefits - QoL
exposed to harmful chemicals and dangerous situations + no hours or holiday and lack of labour laws
- lead to exploitation and children working may be unsafe
- cant open savings
- 2-3 million men and 3.2 million womenor 65% working popultion and 42% economic activity is informal
- social norms = less education as 1 in 5 children are out of school in Nigeria
77
what are the disadvantages for local gov or city in the informal economy?
- lose out on taxes which prevents developemnt and growth
- may lead to segregation between elite, poorer, and peopel living in informal settlements, meaing people in poorer areas had less hih QoL and less access to sevices
- people in informal employment often also live in informal settlements and have fewer services impacting access ot health and education and reducess quality of life, leading to eless development and prgress
- redueces efficiency
- unmonitored = no recors
78
what is energy security and surplus?
balance between supply and demand determines energy secutiyty.
If supply exceeds demand, country has an energy suplus
if demand exceeds prouction then there is a defecit/ sufferes form energy insecurity or gap
79
name come contires with energy defecit, secutiry, surplus
surplus : kazakhstan, algeria
defecit: UK, w europe
secure : China/India (produce and consume alot??)
80
what issues may there be with energy distriution?
- energy surpluss may lead to power difference and higher prices - area in defecit pay more
- political tension may mean those suffereing from energy insecurity are negatively impacted ecconomically
- greater disparity betwene countries
- countries may be exploited if they have an energy surpluss
81
pros of fossil fuels for people and environment
- high energy density = more efficient (natural gas, coal)
- well built and established infrastructure
- creates jobs
- affordable, abundant
- meets high demand
- reliable
- easier to store and transport e.g., liquid natural gas and oil
- can be built anywhere
- production eaily turned off/ramped up if needed
- gas is cleaner than coal and oil (less co2 produced)
82
pros of nuclear energy for people and environment
- less dangerous than fossil fuels (0.03 epr terrawatt hour)
- high density - 1kg uranium can provide 2-3 million more power than 1 kg coal
- produces almost no co2 andf other greenhouse gases in production of energy
0 provides jobs
- good energy security
reliable
- high energy capacigty (can run at amx power for 92% of year)
83
pros of biomass for people and environment
- renerable to an extent nd works twards carbon neutrality
- reduces and utilises wastea nd more room for people and improves environment and organic materials and agricutural residues are used up
- jobs e.g., 50000 jobs in USA created
- abundant
- reliable
- you can use it in existing fossil fuel stations e.g., DRAX (coal - wood pellets)
84
pros of renewable energy sources for people and environment
- infinite suppyl and uses
- doesnt require fuel
no air pollution
- maintenance cost is low
- increasdingly chweaper e.g., offshore wind
- no need for a national grid may be placed nect to a community that needed + into society
- for HEP 1.3 deaths per terawatt hour
- space and generally efficiient
85
cons of fossil fuels for people and environment
- coal produces harmful whcih pose a health risk to people and health QoL decrease
- gases are released and could also contribute to acid rain because coal emits sulfur diocide and nitrous oxide - kills trees aawelll as fish and other particulates
- can damage infrastructure and harms humans
- coal may displace habitats
- carcinogenic - coal = dirtiest
- burning fossil fuels produces CO2, contributing other enhanced greenhouse effect
- causes premature deaths
- extracts fossil fuels is actually quite dangerous and contributes to most deaths
- you need actualy natrual resources - if not, you rely on imports
86
cons of nuclear power for people and environment
- labour intensicve
- you need the natural resources (uranium deposits). otherwide you rely on imports
- accidents could be catadtrophic e.g., dangerous and radiayion
- expendsive disposal
- nuclear storage
- non-renewable still reliant on a resource and exraction
87
cons of biomass for people and environment
- issues of land use and deforestation and dislacing habistats and is bad for the environment
- emits co2 and air pollution and global warming - 40,000 premature deaths in general due to co2
- resource intensivce so it can negatively impact enviroment and it requires a lot of water, energy, fertilisers
- expensice,
- requires a lot of space and is ineffiecient
88
cons of renerqable energy for people and environment
- can be unreliable - dependant on weather
- 2400 turbines needed to produce
- visual - looks ugly
- dams are expensive and also flood and displace people
- may impact habitats and migrationn routes
- low energy density
89
what is carrying capacity?
the maximum limit of which the earth or a region can sustain the global popluation
- for this you must know amount, distribution, rate of consumption, population, impacts on environment
90
what is the main issue with carrying capacity?
oversconsumption poses a challenge
- pressure form population varies around the world
- food not distributed evenly
91
draw the malthus graph of carrying capacxity
92
draw the graph of how boserup thinks carrying capacity will pan out
93
what is the evidence for neo malthusians?
- people will overconsume and populations gow
- consumption of food and fast food has continued to grow- pressure on natrual resourses
- famine is a current issue today showing resource shortache
- population decluine taking place as predicted
- prices fo food increasing
- collapse of pollinators like bees
- increase in general population previously
- climate change impact on agriculture
- steady decline in asre of farmland per person
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what evidence is there for Boserrupians?
- natural resources can still stretch further showen by history
- arrival of peak oil has been delayed many times and new tech is utilising shale gas and other tech breakthroughs aswell as alternative sources of energy
- green revolution
- genetically modified crops
-efforts to reduce consumption
95
why is energy use high in developed countries and why is it falling?
- it is high as thye use a lot of energy because HICs have more disposable income to spend on energfy and more likely to have lots of appliances and tech (buy and use ability like home assistants)
- lots of energy used due to high vehicle used
- it is decreasing because of change in policy and ecucation awarness (concervation incentives)
- decreasing as economic sector is shifting and deindustrialising (demand for heavy industry decreasing)
- population growth not as large - decrease in demand
- energy efficiency in tech has increased
- energy intense industried in decline
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Developing and emerging economies have an increase in energy use- why?
- secotr shift leading to rapid industrialisationa dn industy mored to ther ecnomies from HICs
- opulation gwoth, especially urbanisation increases energy use (due to infrastructure and conectivity and access to energy in city)
- amount of disposable income is increasing due to increase in incomes - + significant rated of urbanisation
- energy producing countries use their energy wealth as a trigger for developemnt as more reserves are exploited, some population is produced by home market
- exploit their own resourcesand use own energy to grow market for fossicl fuels e.g., china and usa
97
what is energy mix?
specific combo of different energy sources used to meet the energy consumption needs
98
why have some energy ources increased
- renewables : cost decreased, efficient, change in gov policy, clinmate change, fossil fuels finite
- gas is cleanest fossil fuels and easier to transport than coal
- nuclear is not intermittent and it is available at any time - + due to less reliance
- total energy consumption increases as therea re more people and increasing properity
- cheaper resources like coal and abundance and demand form other countries who need it
99
why have some energy sources decreased/will
- coal has decreased due to environmental impact and policty like COP
- oil is stable but is likely due to tech advancements
- biomass devlines in sub saharan adrica so antions economically grow (wood burned pre industrialisation)
nuclear power stations are very expensive and there are concerns for public safety e.g., FUkushima
100
how can education improve energy sustainability?
- increasing awareness and education can change their bahaviours and other can do so aswell
- schemes can encourage energy conservation and make oyu feel liek you cna do more
- knowing about issues may empower people and use energy efficifnec toppurtiunities
- protests
101
how can efficiency improve energy sustainability?
- using sources that are less likely to leak or souces that are enarby to soalr power
- elss energy needed to produce the same outcome
- could use solar panels on roofs so no loss of power due ot proximity
102
how can conservation
improve energy sustainability?
- schemes encourage people to use less energy and concerve e.g., insulation
- can put in place solar pannels
ande slogans e.g., reuse, redufce, recycle
- policies encourage ecobuses and ULEZ
- cheaper transport and tax incentive for electronic vehicles and cycling to work schemes, bike lanes
103
name a developed country which has resource managmend
UK
104
how and why is demand for energy changing int he uk?
- changes in resource availbaility
- technological process
- relative cost of different sources of energy like renewables
- consumer bheavior
- political policies
- energy consumption has decreased by 19 terawatt hours in the last 15 years
- appliances are more energy efficient
- decline of energy intense industry
- increased awareness
105
surmarise the energy issues facing the uk
- foddil fuels make up 81% or pirmary energy consumption
- reliance on other countires for enerfy and dependancy of UK is about 48% i
- 47% gas, 87% coal, and 3/4 coal imported
- depletion of most accessible resources - domestic coal production is non-existant
- the energy gap as many coal fired and nuclear power stations are due to close or have already closed
- since 2004 we have been energy dependant and import 40% energy
- energy cost increasing and is 27% above the eu average
- losing energy through transportation
- not in my back ward attitude to energy like wind
106
give examples of how the uk is ainming for sustainable energy future
- btween 2011-2012 electricity from offshore wind increased by 46% - investing in renerbles
- coal consumption decreased
- move away from heavy industry and so less co2 emitted
- household energy consumption has decreased by 12% since 1970
- sustainable energy policies that aim to have diverse, affordable, low carbon secure energy mix with renewable energy
- reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80%, including setting taxes, financial incentives
- creating a job incentive
- 'green deal' , 'feed in tarifs' (encourages companies to create their own renewable energy
-London array projects where 925,000 tones c2 saved per year
- closing of coal power and investment into offshore wind
- innovative solutions such as bedzed to help efficiency
107
what is the case study on energy resource managemenr in an emerging counrty
china
108
how and why is energy demand in china changing?
- more energy available, decreases cost, makes it omre accessible
- wages increase= more disposable income
- more energy used as a reuslt - it has risen by 45% in 7 years
- gov announced plans to cap increasing energy consupmtion to 28%
- in 2012 69% energy was from coal and 18% form oil. it is now bwing diversified
- 31% gloabl installed wind power is in china
- urbanisation = increased demand for energy
- some international pressure but it doenst really impact china
109
what is china in terms of energy?
biggest consumer and producer
china consumed more the 2.74 billion tonnes of oil equivalent in 2012
China has more thant 80% of the world\s manufacturing of solar - driving change in energy
110
summarise the energy issues facing china
- relinace on coal power stations - 80% co2 emissions and 85% so2 emissions come from burning coal and environemtnal and QoL impact
- consumption may lead to an increast in codt ad it is increasing at a higher rate thant production
- clearly have a high reliance on fossil fuels (85%)
- diversifuing energy to reduce reliance on coal and on other countries that produce it like Australia
- extraction of coal is v dangerous and leads to respirotry issue and smog - social impact
- regional disparity and distributing of centralised source of energy is difficult due ot lack of infrastructure
- shift in work and skills needed
111
give examples of how china is aiming for a sustainable energy future
11th 5-year plan aims to reduce energy use per unit gdp by 20%
- higher developemtn of renewables e.g., hydroelectric and nuclear (target of 40 gigaewatts by 2020 and 124 nuclear power plants)
- hina aims to produce atleast 15% energy output from renewable energy by 2020
- they have a large hydroelectric 'three gorges dam' along the Yangtze River that was completed in 2012. it has 32 generators with 22.5 gigawatts cpacity (available coal power pland produces 1-2 gw)
- showes investment in renerwables, 10 million protected from flooding but also 1 million displaces, powers SHanghai, enables global shift
- chinq aimed to increase solar electricity capacity from 3 gigawatts in 2012 to 32 gw in 2015
- incentives fro companies to close old plants and replace them with newer cleaner ones (bhowever coal still dominagtes and it still the largest emitter)
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