Development and Human welfare Flashcards

Question

What is the definition of International Aid?

Answer 1

The transfer of money, goods and expertise to assist developing countries and help improve the quality of life.

Answer 2

The average number of years a person might be expected to live

Answer 3

The proportion of people who can read and write

Answer 4

an area remote or isolated from the centre (core) of a country; it generally lags in terms of development and influence

Answer 5

a diagram made up of horizontal proportional bars which shows the age and gender structure of a population

Answer 6

The degree of well-being and satisfaction felt by a person or a group of people

Answer 7

The access people have to the essentials they need e.g. clean water, sanitation, shelter, nutritious food, education, medical care

Answer 8

Aid usually given to the government of the developing country so that they can spend it on the projects that they need

Answer 9

A government imposed restraint on the international flow of goods and services; the most common form of barrier is a tariff or tax on imports

Answer 10

A large company that operates in a number of countries and often involved in a variety of economic activities

Answer 11

The ability to access sufficient quantities of clean (potable) water to maintain adequate standards of food and goods production, proper sanitation, and sustainable health care

Answer 12

economic - employment (security and levels of pay), standard of living (raising the minimum), productivity (efficient use of capital and labour) demographic - life expectancy (rising with better healthcare, hygiene, diet), birth control (right to choose family size), mobility (freedom to migrate) social - welfare (access to services), equal opportunities, quality of life cultural - education (compulsory education for all), heritage (respect and conserve), ethnicity (mutual respect) Political - right to vote, democratic government (regular and fair elections), freedom of speech Environmental - pollution (effective controls), conservation (biodiversity and non-renewable resources), ecological footprint (minimising this)

Answer 13

economic (standard of living (determines quality of life and affects many other things), affluence, income, job security) social (education (opportunities for economic development), welfare services, family and friends) physical (clean environment, housing, diet and nutrition, mobility (job and income)) psychological (security, happiness, health (diet and nutrition affects how a person functions, health and in turn productivity), leisure, freedom (societal and individual level))

Answer 14

good, stable food and water security means better health, longer, living and can promote productivity - less reliant on other people and countries. Water security is a necessity as unsafe water is the leading cause for spread of illness and getting good water can stifle work oppurtunities Natural resources are also vital for production unsafe water impacts human development as people will have lower quality of life affecting human development as people dont want to work, limited infrastructure limits work force size and people's ability to work (illness) the higher the energy the higher development rate of the country- energy aids economic output, use in industries and increases production ENERGY also increases quality of life as it gives you more oppurtunities, implies development as household items imply level of development, HOWEVER this might break down as countries try cut down on energy use (change in cultural values) CALORIES - calorie consumption increases with wealth as it suggests food security and reliable access to food, it also contributes to development as people have higher productivity and enables people to concentrate HOWEVER chronic obesity is a problem and can lead to diseases and put pressure on health service

Answer 15

having good technology can allow for innovation and technical advancement which can make life, better, easier. Better technology can also have a cyclical effect as drive to achieve progress and efficiency for less - opens up job oppurtunities - mechanisation of agriculture can increase food output - improve food security and links to industrialisation - allows people to work form abroad - more comfortable e.g., air-conditioning, LED light panels reduce cost

Answer 16

(demographic dividend-large labour force with few dependant children leading to accelerated economic growth) if a country lacks qualified workers that can actually do the necessary work and no. people, they might not be able to develop as they have a deficit. more productivity = more money through taxes, higher income skilled=higher income per capita - people investing in countries contributes to human development as they base their decisions on political stability and security, legal and regulatory environment, large domestic market size, macroeconomic stability, exchange rate, talent/skill of labour - can increase development by investing and aiding economy leading to better QoL - demographic dividend - ageing population = lower human development +pressure on services and lower QoL large labour force - increase economic growth, earn ore, money earned through infrastructure used to improve services increasing QoL

Answer 17

a variety of culture can connect people and bring new ideas. idea of culture can improve social and physical elements QoL HOWEVER some cultural attitudes e.g., ability to work, education rights affects development (women not being able to work removes 1/2 population) + attitudes to sanitation, health, impacts of QoL - discrimination, disagreements, exclusion removes oppurtunity to work with various people can lead to war, conflict, civil war - decline in development + restrict money s it is being spent on other things

Answer 18

helps decrease costs of some things. redistribution of money, investment. good government - money given, services to those who need it - increases employment oppurtunities, investors build new infrastructure benefiting other local industries, things become more affordable and people can take advantage of new ideas.+increases flow of capital, resources, money, trade, investment HOWEVER exploitation of local communities can stifle developement

Answer 19

a fair democratic government makes quality of life better as they have most freedom more access to work, attitudes towards democracy, equality influences development, create thriving business culture encouraging investment

Answer 20

Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita - higher Gross national income (GNI) per capita - higher access to safe water - higher birth rate - lower death rate - lower daily intake of calories - higher birth mortality (infant) - lower life expectancy - higher literacy rate - higher doctors per person - higher Human development index - higher GINI index - varies Corruption perception index - higher

Answer 21

the total value of a country's economic production over the course of the year divided by the population limitations - skewed if you have a small population but large amounts of money flowing through e.g., Oman, might not reflect people themselves (QoL) only the industrial income of the country, doesn't tell us where money goes, hoe it is distributed, variations in rural and urban, ignored informal sector, social development, human rights

Answer 22

the total value of a country's economic production, including net income from abroad, over the course of the year divided by the population limitations - skewed if you have a small population but large amounts of money flowing through e.g., Oman, might not reflect people themselves (QoL) only the industrial income of the country, doesn't tell us where money goes, hoe it is distributed, variations in rural and urban, ignored informal sector, social development, human rights + can still have high income inequality with GNI

Answer 23

The % of the population that have access to drinking water that is unpolluted, disease free and safe to drink limitations - a reliable measure but rising cost of water in some cities sometimes forces people to start using unsafe sources

Answer 24

The number of live births per 1000 people per year, e.g. 17/1000 limitations - some countries have an ageing population and need more births to develop, intervention can skew results and decrease birth rate reliable - women are more likely to get good education and career rather than stating at home

Answer 25

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year, e.g. 12/1000 limitations - ageing population means more people dying, poor health care (less reliable), can be affected significantly over a short period of time however it indicates good healthcare

Answer 26

The average amount of calories consumed per day, per person. limitations - increase can lead to disease of affluence (obesity, cancer) HOWEVER it indicates wealth as access to food

Answer 27

The number of children born alive who die on or before their first birthday per 1000 per year limitations - pandemic could skew results, some countries infant mortality not recorded

Answer 28

no. year from birth a person is expected to live limitations - in countries where infant mortality is higher life expectancy for those who survive is also much higher

Answer 29

The percentage of adults in a country who can read and write sufficiently to fully function in work and society limitations - reliable but surveying rural population is not always easy or accurate

Answer 30

The number of medical doctors (physicians) per 1000 of the population limitations - reliable but in India for example, in rural areas they use mobile phones to get healthcare advice and this sent taken into account

Answer 31

A score from 0 to I that incorporates life (health, demographic) expectancy, no. of years of education (social) and GNI per capita (→ economic) limitations - incorporates many different factors including social democratic, economic life expectancy - health democratic- tells us development of health (shows good healthcare) no. years in education - social - indicator informing us of future progress (easy to measure, indicates us of future human development, _ shows investment in education + oppurtunities) GNI per capita - economic - shows how much money a person earns on average (shows development of a country and money drives most other factors, GNI broader than GDP)

Answer 32

The measure of inequality is used to analyse the distribution of wealth or income among the citizens of a country

Answer 33

This scores each country on how corrupt their government is by researchers working for Transparency International

Answer 34

it shows which countries are still developing, + improving and which are developed so it is easy to make comparisons (helps charities and organisations channel their help) it uses various factors to take into considerations, tells us whether money is being used well, and how invesment is being used (health, life expectancy, improving standard of living) HOWEVER- it doesn't account for things such as corruption, some countries might have misleading information (e.g., higher GNI if they have lower population but lots of money flowing through) GNI is also the most influential factor and it doesn't account for the informal sector All factors don't show equality inequality, and distribution of these factors in the country

Answer 35

- historical reasons - relief (south of the UK is flatter- means urban areas are more easily built. North West are more mountainous and therefore is more difficult to build on and communications/ transport routes are more difficult to put in place - climate (south and east has better climate with less rainfall - more people want to work there, more income generated) - natural resources (the midlands, north, South Wales were richer in the industrial revolution due to coal mining until mid 20th century but a depletion of these sources caused the gov to focus on tertiary sector and not primary (no more coal)) - position south east is closer to europe, more communication and trade - attracts more companies and businesses - more jobs politics - gov based in London in SE - desirable location for many businesses who want to be close to decision making infrastructure - infrastructure is best in London, all roads lead to centre of London and companies locate there to take advantage of trade foreign investment - goes to London despite efforts from gov to encourage investment elsewhere e.g., Honda in swindon - riches global firms likely to provide jobs in London

Answer 36

- there are leptons however there is a marked divide uk has the most unequal spread of inequality in a European country

Answer 37

access to water - seas and oceans (historically for trade, transport links) degree of centralisation disease unsuitable terrain (desert prevents development, transport, growth, affects agricultural productivity) internal conflict government policy effects of colonialism (all that was valuable was taken, unfair trade) government corruption means that less money is spent on corruption and proper trade is prevented deindustrialisation causes pockets of deprivation natural hazards internally climate (too high/low makes a place unlivable, links to disease and terrain)

Answer 38

- rulers might've invested more in south and parliament than in London - historically being close to europe would've been important CONSEQUENCES - there is more of a hub in that area and creates jobs

Answer 39

-represents inequality as there are more poor areas in north than south and it leads to further inequality as it's harder to break out of the cycle CONSEQUENCES -causes cycle of poverty and poorer QoL, leads to poorer health (in Richmond life expectancy is 72 years but in Blackpool it is almost 19 years lower), poverty means less money to ut back into schools, education. Children receive free school meals in London but 2x go to uni. 10% Blackpool citizens are on benefits (of working age who are sick), + antidepressants is at its highgest (Blackpool has 4th highest antidepressant prescription in GB), after benefits debt is most common.

Answer 40

* its cyclical - you move to an area which i more affordable, likely to have less amenities, probably worse schools which leads to worse education etceetc?? * concentrated spending in south - leads to inequality as there are more oppurtunities in London, the hub - leads to worse living standard (caused by bad mental health) - lack of jobs in area CONSEQUENCES - 1/2 foreign investment projects go to London and SE (more oppurtunities), increasingly state benifits are being given to younger uneducated people in seaside towns

Answer 41

-less money spent on health, education in North as they have less infrastructure and money - less links also discourages companies from being there -caused by centralisation of power (90% gov spending controls by west minister) - local funding being slashed, leads to inequality as less resources and puts pressure on services CONSEQUENCES - higher chance of people dying prematurely in north, waiting times in health services longer, GPs not given necessary tools, transport spending per head was £2500 however in NE it was £5 however this is trying to be improved in coastal communities e.g., 2012 £170 million spent on 278 projects -results in fewer resources

Answer 42

- life is harder in north represents inequality as it pushes people south to more expensive areas - cheap housing drives poorer people north as it causes pockets where people earn much less and unskilled - some seaside towns depend on tourism which has decreased due to budget airlines and causes fluctuation of poverty and causes debt CONSEQUENCES- housing is a lot cheaper in the North which is clear as household income is 14% higher than the rest of UK, state of housing is worse due to cheaper prices which is being improved by being former b&bs and getting landlords to improve conditions

Answer 43

transfer of money, goods, services, expertise, to assist development of lower income countries and improve quality of life (can come from gov, NGOs, other international organisations)

Answer 44

Humanitarian/emergency, bi-lateral, multi-lateral, voluntary

Answer 45

Aid given from the government of one country directly to another PROS Money can be used to develop new industries and infrastructure, providing jobs and long term development at a national scale * Long term relationships built between donor and recipient country e.g. trade relations CONS * Money can be lost to corruption/government inefficacy * It is often given as tied aid (aid given with specific conditions e.g. the money must be spent on produce from the donor country)

Answer 46

Aid given through international organisations, who pool funds from various contributing nations and execute the delivery of the aid PROS * Political neutrality means aid is more likely to be allocated based on actual humanitarian or development needs rather than political ties * Money can be used to develop new industries and infrastructure, providing jobs and long term development providing at a national scale CONS May involve bureaucratic barriers and thus lengthen the time before aid is delivered to a recipient country * Money can be lost to corruption /government inefficacy

Answer 47

Charities (NGOs - NonGovernmental Organisations) introduce schemes to improve a specific area of human welfare e.g. healthcare, education, food supply, etc. PROS * NGOs work with recipient communities and consult on their needs to plan their projects Money less likely to be lost in corruption * Projects tend to be more sustainable (e.g. intermediate technology) CONS * Less reliable, as charities rely on donations which vary over time * Small scale impact

Answer 48

Charities and governments send short term aid during/after a natural disaster or war to help the country recover PROS Gives help which can save lives immediately This can develop into long term aid after a disaster, as awareness of the country's needs has increased CONS If financial aid goes through national governments, corruption and government inefficiency can hinder the delivery of aid

Answer 49

in 2022 the top recipient of UK official development index assisance (ODA) was Afghanistan ($353 billion)

Answer 50

since 1960, the world bank has given $533 billion to 115 countries

Answer 51

Water-aid is a charity that works with 22 developing countries to provide clean water in remote, vulnerable locations

Answer 52

In response to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti the USA sen 10,000 troops

Answer 53

- aid doesn't reach needy - aid creates debt - there are problems with the distributor of aid - there are problems with how the product is used - aid can be unsuitable - aid may be tied - export earnings are needed to pay off debts - aid undermines local producers -aid creates dependance most significant - problems with the distributor of aid/money spent within the country doesnt reach the needy

Answer 54

INTERMIDIATE technology because it is easily maintained by local people, easily learned, affordable, made ina. sustainable way

Answer 55

WTO promotes free trade to encourage global economic developement. they aim to do this by encouraging countries to remove import quotas adn tariffs (restrictions and charges making trading expensive). if trade is cheaper, more countries can participate in the world economy and make more money which improves living standards around the world

Answer 56

the pros are that LiCs are given special right e.g., time to adjust to the new rules of the WTO when they join however cons- run by rich for rich and doesn't give significant weight to problmes of developing countries rich countries don't fully open their markets to products from LiCs and they still have quotas and import tariffs in place doesn't weigh up human rights, environment, labout etc...

Answer 57

SDG-sustainable development goals - there are 17 goals including climate change, peace, justice, freedom from hunger, gender equality, sanitation etc PROS - universal and help everyone not just for poorer countries, include various sections and make it easier to manage, knowledge sharing for education, tsckle exclusion snd don't let rich countries lead discussions CONS- cant help everone and those who aren't helpes get worse, small conflicts+natural hazards can destroy progress, rich countries reluctant to increase foreign aid budgets and some countires dont sign up for fair trade agreements e.g., rich countries and climate change expensive, success not same everywhere, not everyone has the platform to share knowledge,

Answer 58

pros - reduces development gap as it allows countries to start over and invest the money they saed into education as this woudl lead to more qualified personell which can work and increase potential economic growth effectiveness of the qualifying conditions: prevents corruption and the relief form being taken advantage of. ensures money will be used for good and to help a country get out of the povery cycle HOWEVER it means that those in corrupt countries arent helped and countries have to wait until the situation ahs truly degraded, this cant be the default effort becauxse other countries lose out and they might get into a cycle

Answer 59

-demonstrate thye can manage their own finances - show that there is no corrusption in their gov - agree to spend saved money on education, healthcare, reducing poverty

Answer 60

organisation for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD)- committed to providing official development assistance (ODA) to developing countries either from gov to gov (bilateral) or international institutions like world back government leaders- can set up special economic zones (SEZs) which have incentives like beneficial tax rates for foreign companies to locate there which boosts the economy and increases skill of the workforce, other politicians - persuade the country to join/leave a trade bloc like the UN, International Monetary Fund (IMF)- made up of 189 countries which aims to promote financial stabilities and give out loans to break the cycle of poverty, NGOs (e.g., Oxfam), UN - discussion of issues and set goals, local communities- can work with aid agencies/gov to implement new strategies, TNCs like Nike + pharmaceutical companies (can invest in areas but this can be exploited)

Answer 61

TNC- make a profit and for the country to develop so they have a new market to sell their products to/ invest in infrastructure to make use of cheap workforce.exploit its resources Local communities- improve QoL, standard of living on a local scale. they want methods to be appropriate and sustainable gov leaders-improve development for whole country

Answer 62

HS2 (high speed train) - ENGLAND - in 2015 the conservative party in their manifesto they want to improve railway networks, improve broadbands (internet), enterprises - wanted to connect N+S (London to Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester) PROS - provides jobs in North and connects them to London e.g., building maintenance - switches people to public sector jobs to private sector jobs - meaning highger wages - expected £44 billion revenue - connects heathrow to eurostar which is convenient - smaller and more rural places are connected to larger areas CONS - very expensive- £30 billion to build - long time to build - 15 years - business' rely on discounts they get - political changes mean it was scrapped

Answer 63

LAET (highgate partnership) - England -LAET and Highgate school partnership began in 2017 - based in Tottenham - improves post 16 education in London as 52% of pupils leave for post 16 education - selective free school - Tottenham is in 10% most deprived in London PROS - collaboration with teachers - Highgate sponsored 15 teachers - implications for whole borough - LAET helps other local schools - gives high achieving students a chance to have a higher level of education - provides role models - improves teaching styles CONS - only for over 16s - less support for U16s and small scale in terms of all London

Answer 64

DRWH (domestic rain water harvesting)-Uganda - they harvest rain water because Uganda doesn't have sufficient water - 60% people didn't have access to basic water supply in 2017 - they build pipes on the roofs of houses which collects water which goes into a tank - funded by local communities PROS - clean, cree, easy to use - children don't miss out on school to collect water (av. distance is 2.5 km) - less disease - 75% diseases in Uganda are water-borne CONS - tanks are expensive to build, maintain and communities can't afford it - rainfall is predictable - unless local funding is used it won't work

Answer 65

The GERD grand Ethiopian rennaisance dam - Ethiopia - in Ethiopia along the blue nile on the Sudanese border - government funded project - estimated cost of $4.2 billion USD - hydro electric dam to create energy (up to 6000 megawatts) PROS - advantages are for Ethiopia - water security (due to farming) - gives lots of energy - biggest energy exploiter in Africa - prevents flooding downstream CONS - disagreement between Ethiopian and Egyptian people - negatively affects Nile upstream - affects agriculture which is vital to egyptian agriculture - egypt receives less water- who rely on nile for 90% of fresh water - 1.8$ billion loss of economic output for Egypt -1 million jobs could be lost

Answer 66

PROS - tailored to specific needs to communities - take less time to carry out (small scale - quicker to implement and manage) - gives agency to communities a voice to those in need - specific needs - money potentially recylced back into communities CONS - relies on donations form others which maybe insecure/inconsistent (money dires up=no more help from communities - starting a self supporting cycle can be challenging - corruption - challenging to combat - impact not as widespread - small scale

Answer 67

PROS - more funding available so in theory more people cna be helped - national change - can connet communities e.g., HS2 - key impacts - money, scale CONS - can take a long time with funding and beaurocracy (decision making) e.g., HS2 being scrapped - often very expensive - can lead to large debt (e.g., multi/bi-lateral aid) - corruption/glamour project - many stake holders cna cause disagreements NOTE OFTEN HIGH TECH