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Hand deformities Flashcards

Intrinsic minus Intrinsic plus Boutonniere Swann neck Mallet finger Jersey finger Quadrigia effect Lumbrical plus

1
Q

What is a Intrinsic minus hand?

A
  • Imbalance between STRONG EXTRINSICS and weak INTRINSICS
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2
Q

What is Intrinsic minus hand characterised by?

A
  • MCP Hyperextension
  • PIPJ and DIPJ FLEXION
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3
Q

Describe the Aetiology of Intrinisic minus hand?

A
  • Ulna Nerve Palsy
    • Cubital tunnel syndrome
    • Ulnar tunnel syndrome
  • Median Nerve Palsy
    • ​Volkmann’s iscahemic contracture
    • Leprosy ( Hansen’s disease)
    • Failure to splint hand in intrinsic plus hand after crush injury
  • Charcot Marie Tooth ( hereditaty motor-sensory neuropathy)
  • Compartment syndrome of the hand
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4
Q

Can you describe the pathoanatomy of intrinsic minus hand?

A
  • Loss of intrinsics-> loss of baseline MCP flexion/ IP extension
  • Strong extrinsics= EDC
    • ​unopposed action-> MCPJ extension
  • Strong FDS/FDP
    • ​unopposed action->PIPJ/DIPJ flexion
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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a intrinisc minus hand?

A

Symptoms

Decreased hand funciton

Signs

  • MCPJ hyperextension, DIPJ/PIPJ Flexion
  • in ulna nerve palsy 4/5 digits worse> than 2/3 ( lumbrical innervated by median nerve)
  • Functional weakness- reduced grip/pinch strength
  • unable to do prehensile grasp

Provocative test

If MCPJ taken out of extension-> flexion at DIPJ/PIPJ will correct

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6
Q

What is the tx of Intrinsic Minus hand?

A

Operative

  • Contracture release & Passive tenodesis
  • Active tendon transfer
  • in pts that progressive deformity effecting life
  • Goal is to prevent MCPJ hyperextension
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7
Q

What is an intrinisic plus hand?

A

Caused by muscle imblance between

  • SPASTIC Intrinsics- Interosseoi and lumbricals
  • Weak extrinsics- FDP/FDS/EDC
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of an intrinsic plus hand?

A
  • MCP flexion
  • DIPJ/PIPJ Extension
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9
Q

What is the aetiology of an intrinsic plus hand?

A
  • Trauma- direct/indirect
  • Vascular injury
  • compartment syndrome
  • RA- mcpj dislocations & ulna deviation->spastic intrinsics
  • neurologic
    • ​traumatic brain injury
    • cerebral palsy
    • CVA
    • Parkinson’s
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10
Q

What is the pathoanatomy of intrinsic plus?

A
  1. Spastic intrinsics->flexion MCPJ, extension IPJ
  2. EDC Weakness->fails to provide balancing forces
  3. FDP/FDS weakness->f_ail to provide balancing forces_
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11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of intrinsic plus hand?

A

Symptoms

Difficulty gripping large objects- see pic

Signs

MCPJ flexion, IPJ extension

BUNNELL test- intrinsic tightness test-

1) With the MCPJ in extension the intrinsics are put on a stretch. Try to flex the PIPJ with MCPJ in extension. If it doesn’t flex = tight intrinsics or joint capsule contracture.
2) With MCPJ in flexion the intrinsics are relaxed. Thus if unable to flex PIPJ= tight capsule.

NB- prior to test check that passive motion of PIPJ is possible (i.e. normal PIPJ)

**so pt will not be able to flex PIPJ/DIPJ when mcp is extended cf flexed if intrinsics are tight

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12
Q

What are the tx of intrinsic plus hand?

A

Non operative

Passive stretching- mild cases

Operative

  • Proximal muscle slide- where some func of intrinsics remains- spastic
    • Subperiosteal elevation of interossei lengthn muscle-tendon unit
  • Distal intrinsic release- distal to MP for more severe deformity involving MCP/IPJ
    • Resection of intrinsic tendon distal to transverse fibres responsible for MCPJ flexion
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13
Q

What is Boutonniere Deformity?

A
  • Zone 3 extensor tendon Injury characterised by
  • PIPJ Flexion
  • DIPJ extension
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14
Q

What is the aetiology of Boutonniere Deformity?

A
  • Rupture of the Central Slip by
    • laceration
    • traumatic avulsion
    • capsulat distension- RA
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15
Q

Describe the pathoanatomy of Boutonniere Deformity?

A
  • Rupture of central slip- loss of EDC extensor mechanism
  • Attenuation of Triangular ligament ( N prevents lat bands slip volar)-> Lumbricals ( intrinsics) act like flexors at PIPJ, as unopposed at DIPJ lumbricals-> extend DIPJ
  • Palmar pull of collaterals and lumbricals. l_umbricals pull unopposed, pull thru base of distal phalanx and volar to pip_j-> PIPJ flexion/DIPJ extensio
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16
Q

Name associated conditions of

Boutonniere Deformity?

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Pseudo- Boutonniere- PIPJ flexion without DIPJ extension
17
Q

What are the signs of Boutonniere Deformity?

A
  • Flexion at PIPJ and extension at DIPJ
  • Elson test- weak PIPJ flexion, stiff DIPJ
    • Flex pipj to 90 over table. Ask patient to extend PIPJ. Try and move dipj if floppy normal. If stiff rupture of central slip as lateral bands are tight and being used to keep PIPj
18
Q

Describe the types of Boutonniere Deformity?

A
  • Passively correctible
  • Moderate
  • Stiff Contracture
19
Q

What are the Tx of Boutonniere Deformity?

A

Non operative

Splinting in extension for 6 weeks- actute closed injuries <4 weeks- keep dipj moving in splint.further 4-6 part time

Operative

  • Primary central band repair- acute displaced avulsion fracture
  • Lateral band relocation/ terminal tendon tenetomy( modified Fowler)/ Tendon Reconstruction- chronic injuries when FROM obtained. Never central slip tenotomy
  • PIPJ Arthrodesis- painful stiff pipj
20
Q

What is this?

A

Jersey Finger

Avulsion injury of Flexor Digitorium Profundus

21
Q

Can you describe the epidemiology of Jersey finger?

A
  • Forcefully extension when dipj in max flexion- FDP at max contractility
  • Ring finger involved in 75% cases- ring is 5mm longest in grip cf other digits in 90% patients
22
Q

What flexor tendon zoneof injury is this?

A
  • Zone 1
  • distal to insertion of FDS
23
Q

What is the Classification of Jersey finger?

A

Leddy and Packer

NB green bay Packers

  • **Type **1- FDP rupture retraction to palm- asvascular- Prompt surgical tx 7-10 days
  • Type 2- FDP retrracts to PIPJ- attempt repair within several wks for optimium outcome
  • Type 3- Large avulsion fracture- limits retraction to DIPJ -tx attempt repair within several wks for optimium outcome
  • Type 4-Ossoeus fragment and FDP avusion from fragment- Double avusion with retractionof FDP to palm tx fix fracture then attach fdp like type 1
24
Q

What are the signs of a Jersey Finger?

A

Signs

  • Tenderness over volar distal finger
  • Finger lies in slight extension cf other fingers in rest position
  • No active flexion of DIPJ
  • Maybe able to palpate flexor tendon in sheath
25
Q

What investigations are helpful in Jersey Finger?

A

Xray - may seen avulsion fracture

26
Q

Describe the Tx of Jersey FInger?

A

Operative

  • Direct tendon repair or tendon resinsertion using endobutton (suture grasp tendon dorsally , tie over nail)- in acute injury <3 weeks
    • advancement of > 1 cm carries risk of a _DIP flexion contracture or quadrigia _

postoperative rehab should include either

early patient assisted passive ROM (Duran) or

dynamic splint-assisted passive ROM (Kleinert)

  • _​​​_ORIF fracture fragment- type 3/4
    • ​use minifrag screw, K wire, exam for symmetrical cascade
  • 2 stage flexor tendon graft- chronic injury >3/12 with from of dipj/pipj
    • ​silicone free gliding Dacron rod first implanted then a tendon graft with palmaris or plantaris thru the pseudosheath formed by the rod - desrcibed by Hunter and Salisbury 1971
  • DIPJ arthrodesis - salvage procedure
27
Q

What are the complications of Jersey Finger?

A

>1cm advancement of FDP risk of DIPJ flexion contracture and quadrigia

28
Q

What is the Quadrigia Effect?

A
  • Is evidence of active flexion lag in fingers adjacent to a digit previously injured or repair of FDP
29
Q

What is the aetiology of quadrigia effect?

A
  • Functional shortening of FDP due to
    • advancement >1cm of FDP during tendon repair
    • Adhesions
    • Over the top FDP repair post amputation
30
Q

Describe the Pathoanatomy of the quadrigia effect?

A
  • The index, middle and rind finger FDP share a common musscle belly
  • So tendon Excursions are defined by the shortest tendon
  • so improper shorteninf of a tendon during repair->inabilty to fully flex adjacent fingers
31
Q

Describe the signs and symptoms of quadrigia effect?

A

Symptoms

  • Inability to fully flex fingers adjacent to injured hand
  • May complain of weak grip

Signs

  • Upon making a fist adjacent fingers unable to fully flex
  • Weak grip
32
Q

What is the tx of Quadragia effect?

A

Non operative

Observational - mild symptoms

Operative

  • Release FDP of injured digit - severe symptoms limiting function
33
Q

Define the Lumbricl plus finger?

A
  • Paradoxial extension at the dipj when trying to flex IPJ
34
Q

What is the aetiology of lumbrical plus finger?

A
  • FDP disruption distal to origin of lumbricals ( most common) due to
    • FDP transection
    • FDP avulsion
  • DIP amputation
  • Amputation thru middle prox shaft
  • Too long tendon graft
35
Q

What finger is most commonly affected in intrinsic plus finger?

A
  • Middle finger- 2nd lumbrical
  • FDP 3,4,5 share common muscle belly can’t flex 2 digits without pulling third
  • index finger has independent FDP
36
Q

What is the pathoanatomy of lumbrical plus finger?

A
  • Lumbrical originate ftoom FDP
  • with FDP laceration, FDP contraction-> pull on lumbricals
  • lumbricals pull on lateral bands->PIP and DIP extension of involved digit
  • with the middle finger, when the FDP is cut distally, the FDP shifts ulnarly (because of the pull of the 3rd lumbrical origin) (bipennate)->
    tightening of the middle finger lumbrical (2nd lumbrical, unipennate), and amplifies the “lumbrical plus” effect
37
Q

Describe the anatomy of the lumbricals?

A
  • 1st/2nd lumbricals
    • unipennate
    • median nerve supply
    • index/middle finger
    • origin radial side of FDP 2/FDP 3
  • 3/4 Lumbricals
    • bipennate
    • ulnar nerve supply
    • Middle, ring and little finger
    • origin radial side of FDP3/4 (3), FDP4/5 (4)
  • all insert RADIAL side of Extensor expansion
38
Q

Describe the symptoms and signs of lumbrical plus effect?

A

Symptoms

  • Notices that when attempting to grip an object or form a fist, 1 digit sticks out or gets caught on clothes

​Signs

39
Q

What is the TX of lumbrical plus effect?

A

Operative

  • Tenodesis of FDP to terminal tendon or reinsertion to distal phalanx= FDP lacerations
  • Lumbricals release- fdp retracted/segemental loss difficult to fix- transect at base of flexor sheath in palm-don’t do this to lumbricals 1/2 if concurrent ulnar nerve palsy

Hands FRCS (28 decks)

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