Hand Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of Ulnar duplication?

A

Type one, which is a soft tissue nubbin with a skin bridge and small neurovascular bundle

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2
Q

Which thumb is usually removed in reconstruction of duplicated thumb

A

The one on the pinky side is preserved, and the radial partner is removed to preserve the UCL ligament

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3
Q

What webspace is usually more commonly involved in syndactyly?

A

The third webspace

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4
Q

Describe the embryological timing of digital separation

A

The upper limb forms around four weeks of gestation.
Bones begin to appear at five weeks.
Digital rays form at six weeks. Next line rays begin to separate at seven weeks.
By the end of the eighth week digital separation is complete.

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5
Q

What is clinodactyly?

A

It is a deviated digit can be due to a delta phalanx

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6
Q

What is camptodactyly?

A

It is a bent digit usually involving the PIP joint of the fifth digit

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7
Q

When is it appropriate to release camptodactyly

A

Usually patients should be stretched and splinted. Surgical intervention can be used for patients with greater than 70° of flexion contracture

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8
Q

What are the options for opponensplasty in congenital cases?

A

Typically, the FDS from the fourth digit is transferred. You can also use the abductor digiti minimi which is known as the Huber transfer.

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9
Q

What is the critical period for upper limb development?

A

24 to 36 days after fertilization

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10
Q

What are the last bones to ossify within their cartilaginous framework?

A

Carpal

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11
Q

Does sensory or motor innervation occur first

A

Motor
Sensory uses this as a guide

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12
Q

When is nervous system mylination completed

A

Two years

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13
Q

What is the fixed unit of the hand?

A

Distal carpal row and second and third metacarpals

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14
Q

Name the thenar muscles superficial to deep

A

APB
FPB
OP
Adductor pollicis

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15
Q

What are the muscles of the mobile wad?

A

ECRB
ECRL
BR

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16
Q

What is the ORL?

A

Ligament running between the flexor tendon sheath at the proximal phalanx and the terminal extensor tendon which links flexion and extension between the IP joints

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17
Q

What is the transverse retinacular ligament?

A

Ligaments that span the edge of the flexor tendon sheath to the conjoined lateral bands prevent preventing dorsal shift of the lateral bands, which prevents a swan neck deformity

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18
Q

Where is the epiphysis in the bones of the hand?

A

Proximally on all phalanges and the thumb metacarpal and distally on the other metacarpals

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19
Q

What compartments is Lister‘s tubercle between?

A

Second and third

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20
Q

What is an extra octave fracture?

A

Salter Harris, two fracture of the proximal phalanx of the small finger with ulnar angulation of the small finger

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21
Q

How is the FDP to the index finger unique

A

It has an independent muscle valley

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22
Q

What is the dominant vascular supply to the hand?

A

Most commonly is the ulnar artery

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

What are the landmarks for a ulnar nerve block?

A

Posterior to the medial epicondyle and 3 to 5 cm proximal

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25
Q

Landmarks for median nerve block

A

Medial to brachial artery
Medial to biceps
Slightly above the line between the epicondyles

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26
Q

Landmarks for radial nerve block

A

Anterior aspect of the lateral epicondyle
Lateral to the biceps tendon

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27
Q

Which general anesthetic is most commonly associated with cardiac arrhythmias

A

Halothane

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28
Q

What is the treatment for a keratoacanthoma?

A

Surgical excision or intralesional injection using 5-FU or methotrexate

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29
Q

Giant cell tumor

A

Second, most common tumor of the hand
Histiocytes most dominant cell
Treatment is excision, including stalk
Occurs at the flexor tendon sheath

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30
Q

What is the difference between a neurofibroma and neurilemmoma

A

Neurofibroma arises from within the nerve fascicles
Neurilemomma is a tumor of Schwann cells on the nerve surface

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31
Q

What is the most common benign nerve tumor in the upper extremity?

A

Schwanomma
Can be shelled out

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32
Q

What histologic findings are associated with infantile digital fibromatosis?

A

Interlacing, fibroblast, and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies which distinguish them from other fibromatosis

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33
Q

What is the most common location of enchondromas?

A

Proximal phalanx
Metacarpal
Middle phalanx

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34
Q

Olliers disease

A

Non-hereditary disease of multiple enchondroma that usually present unilaterally

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35
Q

Maffucci

A

Enchondromas and hemangiomas

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36
Q

Enchondroma

A

Discovered as pathologic fracture
Treatment is curettage and bone grafting, but you should wait for fracture to heal first
Less than 5% chance of malignant transformation to Conro sarcoma

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37
Q

Periosteal chondroma

A

Similar to chondroma, it is a benign. Cartilaginous tumor, and most commonly found at the metaphyseal diaphyseal junction of the phalanges

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38
Q

Unicameral bones cyst

A

Almost exclusively and children
Incidental finding
Non-surgical treatment of steroids

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39
Q

Osteoid osteoma

A

Pain at night relieved by NSAIDs
On imaging shows up as a sclerotic nidus with a lucent halo less than 1 cm in diameter
Treatment is curettage and bone grafting
Histology is a hypervascular nidus of osteoblast with surrounding cortical reactive bone formation

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40
Q

Osteoblastoma

A

Same as osteoid osteoma, but bigger than 1 cm and have unlimited growth potential and should be removed

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41
Q

Giant cell tumor of the bone

A

Presents with gradual swelling pain, and pathologic fracture and is most often in the distal radius
Can be considered a low-grade malignancy because it has the ability to metastasize
Metastasizes to the lungs
On x-ray it looks like lytic lesion without new bone formation and does not penetrate joint surface
Treatment is wide, excision and joint reconstruction

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42
Q

Fibrous dysplasia

A

Bone marrow of involved bones is filled with noncalcified collagen
On x-ray appears as a ground glass opacity
Usually treatment of the hands is not required

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43
Q

Most common malignant tumor of the hand

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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44
Q

When treating melanoma, how is amputation level determined

A

Amputate proximal to the nearest joint

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45
Q

Synovial cell carcinoma

A

High-grade sarcoma that grows in proximity to, but not in a joint
Size of the lesion is proportional to mortality
Treatment is wide excision with lymph nodes sampling, and you can consider adjuvant radiation

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46
Q

Epithelioid sarcoma

A

Similar to synovial cell carcinoma, and seen in the muscle
Especially dangerous when spreading because it spreads proximally along facial plains, tendons, and lymphatics

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47
Q

Where is malignant fibro histiocytoma usually found in the upper extremities

A

On the deep muscle mass of the adductor policies or other flexor muscles

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48
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma

A

Most common malignant primary bone tumor in the hands of children and teens
No role for radiation, but chemotherapy does really well
On x-ray, there is bone growth outside the normal skeleton with hazy cloud, bike bone formation into soft tissues

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49
Q

Condrosarcoma

A

Most common malignant primary bone tumor in adults
Does not respond to radiation or chemotherapy

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50
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

Presents with pain, tenderness, swelling, fever, elevated white blood cell or ESR
Onion, skin appearance or sunburst pattern on radiographs
Most commonly on metacarpals and phalanges
Treatment includes surgical, excision, systemic, chemotherapy, and possibly radiation

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51
Q

When primary carcinoma metastasizes to the hand, where does it go?

A

Distal phalanx

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52
Q

What is the most commonly involved organism in cellulitis of the hand?

A

Group a beta hemolytic strep

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53
Q

What is the most common infection in the hand of HIV positive patient

A

Herpes

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54
Q

In what subset of diabetic patients with hand infections is morbidity particularly high

A

Renal transplant patient

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55
Q

What is the most common algae infection seen in fisherman?

A

Prototheca wickerhamii
Tx tetracycline

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56
Q

Exposure to what virus causes milkers node in the hand

A

Pox virus

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57
Q

Interdigital pilonidal cyst

A

When a foreign piece of hair enters the web space and becomes secondarily infected
Seen in barbers and sheepshearers

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58
Q

Most common location of osteomyelitis in the hand

A

Distal phalanges

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59
Q

What unique infection can occur in the hands of a patient receiving taxol

A

Subungal abscess of multiple digits, including the toes with painful nail plate separation

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60
Q

What duration of antibiotics is recommended for septic arthritis of the hand

A

Between one and four weeks of IV anabiotic’s

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61
Q

What disease diseases are associated with duputryen disease?

A

Diabetes
HIV
Tobacco consumption
Alcoholism
Anticonvulsant therapy and epilepsy

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62
Q

What is the difference between the collagen and normal fascia and that fascia in dupytrens disease?

A

Normal fascia has more type one collagen whereas in the disease there is more type three

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63
Q

What causes MCP joint flexion contracture in dupuytren disease

A

Pre-tendinous cord

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64
Q

Indications for surgery in a patient with Dupeytrens

A

MCP contractor of 30° or more
Any degree of PIP contractor
Severe adduction, contractor

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65
Q

Possible indications for skin grafting in patients with dupeytrens

A

Diathesis
PIP flexion contracture, resulting in skin deficiency at closure
Recurrent PIP joint contracture

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66
Q

What is the normal motor latency at the carpal tunnel?

A

Four MS

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67
Q

What is a clinically significant decrease in velocity at the elbow?

A

A decrease in velocity of 10 m/s is considered clinically significant

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68
Q

What nerve is affected with thoracic outlets syndrome?

A

Lower trunk of brachial plexus with symptoms, mimicking cubital tunnel syndrome

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69
Q

What are the contents of the thoracic outlet?

A

Subclavian vein, subclavian artery and brachial plexus

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70
Q

Adson maneuver

A

Dampening of radial pulse with neck extension, inhalation and head rotation to the affected side in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome, which is more prevalent in women

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71
Q

WRight maneuver

A

Reproduction of thoracic outlet syndrome, symptoms, and or damping of radial pulse with arm hyper abducted with the patient’s head positioned in neutral or turned contralateral

72
Q

Roos maneuver

A

Both arms are placed 90° abduction and the patient is asked to open and close the hands for three minutes while externally rotated. Patient with thoracic outlet syndrome will have reproduction of symptoms.

73
Q

What is similar and what is different about the presentation of thoracic outlets syndrome, and cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Thoracic outlet syndrome and cubital syndrome have ulnar distribution numbness
TOS also presents with medial forearm numbness and EMG is negative for the nerve, but has positive somatic sensory evoked potentials with arm in offending position

74
Q

How does the motor examination differ between ulnar compression at the wrist and the elbow?

A

At the wrist, there is weakness of pinch but not grip
At the elbow, there is weakness and pinch and grip

75
Q

What are the structures thought to cause effort associated carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Lumbrical muscles as they originate from the FDP and reside in the carpal tunnel with gripping

76
Q

Where is the median nerve located in the proximal forearm?

A

Between the superficial and deep heads of the pronator teres muscle

77
Q

How can you test for median nerve compression at the ligament of struthers?

A

Exacerbated symptoms, when flexing the elbow against resistance

78
Q

How can the radial nerve be approached in the dorsal forearm?

A

Between ECRB and EDC

79
Q

Radial tunnel syndrome

A

Lateral elbow pain, especially with repetitive extension
Motor findings are absent

80
Q

What does Volkman’s contracture look like?

A

Forearm is fixed in pronation. The wrist is flexed. MCP joints are hyperextended and IP joints are flexed.

81
Q

What is the treatment of choice for a displaced fracture of the dorsal base of the distal phalanges comprising over 25% of the articular surface?

A

Operative intervention with closed or open reduction and internal fixation

82
Q

What is the most likely direction of angulation of an unstable transverse metacarpal shaft fracture?

A

Apex dorsal angulation because of volar interosseous muscle pull

83
Q

What two structures act as a noose around the MCP head in an irreducible dorsal dislocation of the index MCP joint

A

Flexor tendon on the owner side and lumbricals radially

84
Q

In a Bennett fracture, what is the deforming force that causes proximal migration of the thumb metacarpal?

A

Abductor pollicis longus die die

85
Q

In a volar dislocation of the PIP joint, what commonly associated injury must be examined for

A

Rupture of the extensor tendon central slip

86
Q

What is a lesser arc and greater arc injury?

A

Lesser arc is purely ligaments around the lunate
Greater arc is disruption around the lunate that involves fractures of some or all of the carpal bones

87
Q

What x-ray view would be best to visualize a hook ofhamate fx

A

Carpal tunnel

88
Q

What x-ray view would be best to visualize the position of a screw in the proximal pole of the scaphoid

A

An ulnar deviated, PA view and a lateral x-ray

89
Q

What is the most likely direction of a CMC dislocation of the thumb?

90
Q

Following repair when does tendon rupture most commonly occur?

A

Postoperative day, 10

91
Q

How should a patient be splinted after flexor tendon repair?

A

Wrist should be in 30° of flexion
MPS in 50 to 70° of flexion
IPS in full extension

92
Q

How long after a zone to flexor tendon repair should flexor lysis be perform performed if the patient is having limited active range of motion and has not made progress in therapy

A

At least three months of therapy should be attempted first

93
Q

What tendon inserts on the second metacarpal the third and the fifth

A

Second metacarpal is ECRL
Third metacarpal is ECRB
Fifth metacarpal is ECU

94
Q

What is the intrinsic minus deformity

A

Extension of the MPS and flexion of the IPS, as in claw deformity scene with ulnar nerve palsies
Good way to remember the function of intrinsics, which is to flex the MPS and extend the IPS

95
Q

What contributes to the smooth, shiny surface of the nail plate

A

The dorsal roof of the nail fold

96
Q

What area of the body has the highest concentration of lymphatic?

A

Hyponychium

97
Q

What conditions are thought to cause clubbing?

A

Family history
Cardiac
Pulmonary disease
G.I. disease like UC chrohns, disease, and liver cirrhosis
Cancer like thyroid, thymus, and CML
Acromegaly and pregnancy

98
Q

Chromonychia

A

Induced by renal failure, subungual, hemorrhage, or medication’s
Antineoplastic drugs are associated with this
Adriamycin cyclophosphamide and vinChristine
Associated with AIDS

99
Q

What causes uncle onycholysis

A

Abnormalities of the sterile matrix often secondary to traumatic scarring

100
Q

What medications are associated with the separation of the nail bed and nail plate

A

Taxane chemotherapeutic’s, including paclitaxel and docetaxel

101
Q

What causes longitudinal splitting of the nail plate

A

Abnormalities of the germinal matrix

102
Q

What causes longitudinal grooving in the nail plate?

A

Abnormalities in the nail fold

103
Q

How to treat onychomycosis

A

Systemic antifungals
Or a topical antifungal with nail plate removal

104
Q

What are the extra articular manifestations seen in RA?

A

Vasculitis pericarditis, pulmonary nodules Episcleritis, and subcutaneous nodules
Nodules are the most common

105
Q

What is the more common direction of sagittal band rupture in RA?

A

Radial sagittal band which results ulnar displacement of the extensor tendon

106
Q

What are contraindications for total wrist arthroplasty

A

Previous sepsis
Rupture and not fully reconstructable wrist extensor
Absorption of the distal carpal row
Previous wrist arthrodesis
Auto fusion is not a contraindication
Failed silicone wrist implant with fragmentation in particular synovitis
Progressive deformity with advanced arthritis

107
Q

What is a painless, dorsal wrist mass distal to the extensor retinaculum typically an RA patients

A

Extensor tenosynovitis
Tenectomy is indicated after 4 to 6 months of medical treatment to prevent rupture of extensor tendon

108
Q

What is the piano keyboard sign?

A

Elicited when the prominent on our head is depressed and rebounds as pressure is released
Signifies DRUJ instability

109
Q

What is the scallop sign in patient with RA

A

Erosion of the radial sigmoid notch with formation of a sclerotic border it is ominous sign of impending extensor tendon rupture

110
Q

What is a contraindication in using the superficial flexor tendon for extensor tendon transfer in RA

A

Presence of swan neck, deformity, and significant flexor teno synovitis

111
Q

What is the recommended treatment for loss of wrist extensor in RA

A

Wrist arthrodesis

112
Q

What is the Clayton procedure in RA?

A

Transfer of ECRL to ECU to redistribute wrist forces and diminished radial rotation and volar subluxation of carpus at wrist

113
Q

What is still disease?

A

Systemic onset of 20% of JRA case cases
Intermittent high fevers
Transient arthritis with associated fevers
Hepatosplenomegaly lymphadenitis uveitis
Lymphocytosis anemia
RF negative

114
Q

What vascular structure is associated with the C7 root in the exposure of the cervical region of the brachial plexus

A

Transverse cervical artery

115
Q

What part of the brachial plexus crosses underneath the clavicle?

A

The divisions

116
Q

What muscles are invented by the dorsal scapular nerve

A

Rhomboid, major and minor
Levator scapula

117
Q

What is the significance of transverse process fractures on the cervical spine x-rays and brachial plexus patients

A

Can indicate a root avulsion

118
Q

What is the Oberlin transfer?

A

Transfer of selected ulnar nerve bicycles in the upper arm to motor branches of the musculocutaneous nerve to the biceps to restore elbow flexion

119
Q

What is a common complication due to the internal rotation contracture in children with brachial plexus birth palsy

A

Posterior shoulder dislocation

120
Q

What tendon transfer can be used to improve external rotation of the shoulder and prevent the development of internal rotation contracture

A

Transfer of the LD and Teres major to the humeral greater tuberosity

121
Q

What deformity of the elbow will frequently develop in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy?

A

Posterior radial head dislocation usually by 5 to 8 years

122
Q

What is a typical finding in the forearm of children with obstetric palsy?

A

Supination contracture

123
Q

What are the two functions of EPL?

A

Thumb IP extension
Thumb adduction

124
Q

What is the position of immobilization after tendon transfers for wrist, finger and thumb extension?

A

Elbow flexion at 90°
Neutral forearm rotation
MPJ fully extended
45° wrist extension
IPJ and MJ full extension with thumb abduction

125
Q

What explains maintained ability of thumb opposition after complete median nerve laceration at the wrist

A

Variable ulnar nerve innovation of the superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis

126
Q

What is the most common tendon transfer for low median nerve palsy?

A

EIP to APB

127
Q

What is the disadvantage of the Hubert transfer and thumb hypoplasia

A

Insufficient tendon for thumb MCP reconstruction
FDS from the long and Ring finger do not have this problem, but they lack bulk

128
Q

What is the position of a immobilization after opponensplasty

A

Thumb Spica with opposition of thumb
Slight wrist extension for EIP and ADM
Slight wrist flexion for FDS and PL

130
Q

What progressive deformity may develop after chronic high median nerve palsy

A

Swan neck deformity of the small and ring finger because of absent FDS function

131
Q

What donor muscle is most commonly used for restoration of FPL function

132
Q

Bouvier maneuver

A

Blocking the MP hyper extension in a claw hand to allow EDC to extend the PIPNDIP

140
Q

What tendon transfers are available to restore thumb adduction

A

ECRB to thumb ADDuctor via intercalated tendon graft
FDS of long ring to thumb adductor insertion

141
Q

Zancolli lasso

A

FDP looped around itself at A1 pulley
Provides a dynamic flexion moment at the MPJ
Used to correct claw deformity

142
Q

Bunnell stiles

A

ECRL transected, distally and rerouted dorsally
Two slips of Palmaris longus or plantaris tendon are attached to ECRL
Routed through the lumbrical canal volar to the deep transverse metacarpal ligament
The tails are attached to radial lateral bands of the ring and small fingers or to the radial side of proximal phalanges

143
Q

What deformity can occur after the Bunell styles transfer to the radial lateral bands?

144
Q

What transfer restores ring and small finger DIP flexion

A

Side to side transfer of small and ring finger FDP to median innervated index and long finger FDP

145
Q

What is the carpal height ratio?

A

Distance from the base of the third metacarpal to the distal, subchondral bone of the radius divided by the length of the third metacarpal

146
Q

What is the only muscle that inserts onto the carpus?

A

FCU inserts onto the pisiform

147
Q

What is the stable bone of the DRUJ?

A

The ulna is the fixed bone around which the radius rotates

148
Q

What are the primary stabilizers of the DRUJ?

A

The Palmer and dorsal radioulnar ligaments

149
Q

Which extrinsic wrist ligament is felt to be the strongest support in the wrist

A

Radioscaphocapitate ligament

150
Q

What is the most common cause of digital replant failure?

A

Arterial insufficiency

151
Q

What are the major extrinsic ligaments of the dorsal wrist?

A

The dorsal radiocarpal ligament and the dorsal intercarpal ligament

152
Q

What are the measurements of carpal height used for?

A

To diagnose SL disassociation
Normal ratio is .54
Smaller ratios indicate carpal collapse seen in SL dissociation

153
Q

What is the definitive diagnostic test for intercarpal pathology?

A

Rooster arthroscopy

154
Q

What is a collies fracture?

A

Distal radius fracture with dorsal angulation, dorsal, commutation, dorsal displacement, and radial shortening, and Apex Voeller angulation with dorsal displacement of the carpus

155
Q

What is a Smith fracture?

A

Distal radius fracture with Apex dorsal angulation with volar subluxation of the carpus

156
Q

What are the functional deficits associated with Ray? Amputation of the index finger?

A

Decreased pinch and grip strength

157
Q

Hyper homocystinemia

A

Associated with chronic renal disease, hypothyroidism, and malignancy

158
Q

Which digital artery of the toe is more important

A

Planter digital artery

159
Q

What is the main advantage of using the second toe in thumb reconstruction?

A

It can be harvested with a long segment of the second metatarsal, allowing for proximal thumb injury, reconstruction, less donor site morbidity

160
Q

What tendon is cut when dissecting the FDMA on the foot dorsum

A

Extensor Hallucis brevis

161
Q

What are the disadvantages of the great toe wraparound for total thumb reconstruction?

A

Requires two donor sites
Needs bone from iliac crest for the thumb skeleton and skin graft for the remaining toe
Reconstructed thumb has no IP joint

162
Q

What layer of the nerve is an extension of the blood brain barrier?

A

Perineurium

163
Q

What are clinical measurements of motor nerve injury?

A

Weakness, loss of function and atrophy

164
Q

What are clinical measurements of sensory injury?

A

Moving and static two point discrimination for innervation density and number of fibers
Semmes , Weinstein monofilament and vibration instruments as threshold test for performance levels

165
Q

Interscalene triangle borders

A

Anterior scalene muscle anteriorly
Middle scalene muscle posterior
Medial surface of the first rib inferiorly

166
Q

Surgical treatment of suprascapular nerve entrapment consist of the release of which structure

A

Transverse scapular ligament

167
Q

Transax approach for treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome en dangers. What nerve

A

C8 or T1 nerve root

168
Q

Supraclavicular approach for thoracic outlet syndrome, endanger what nerve

169
Q

The motor group of the ulnar nerve at the wrist is located in what position

A

Ulnar and dorsal

170
Q

What are the sides of compression of the median nerve that caused pronator syndrome?

A

Ligament of Struthers
Lacertus fibrosis
Pronation Teres
FDS proximal arch

171
Q

Borders of the carpal tunnel

A

Carpal bones are the floor
Transverse carpal ligament is the roof
Scaphoid and trapezium are radial
Pisiform and hook of hamate ulnarly

172
Q

Tarsal tunnel structures

A

FHL tendons
FDL muscle
Tibialis posterior muscle
Posterior tibial nerve
Posterior tibial artery

173
Q

What is the best method for surgical release the first Webb space and what structures need to be released?

A

Best method for surgical release is a four flap Z plasty
When releasing the first Webb space you must release the tight investing fascia of the first dorsal, interosseous and adductor pollicis muscles
Two most commonly used flaps for reconstruction of a tight first web space are the reverse pedicled radial forearm, and the groin flap
Other options include the reverse pedicled PIA, flat or free facial cutaneous flaps

195
Q

Hirudin

A

Binds activated thrombin
Inhibits conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Blocks activation of factors five 8 11 and von Willebrand
Decreases activation of TPA protein, C and plasmin
No direct effect on platelets or endothelial cells
Prolonged thrombin dependent coagulation test

197
Q

Protein C deficiency

A

One of the most common causes of hereditary thrombophilia
APC in activates factors five and factor eight, which keeps thrombosis and check

198
Q

Prothrombin 2021A

A

Relative risk of thrombosis is 2.8
Treatment is Coumadin for 3 to 6 months
If there is a recurrence treatment is indefinite