han 452 quiz 1

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

the study of the distributions and determinants of health-related states among specific populations and the applications of that study to the control of health problems

Question 2

qualitative data

Answer 2

Purpose: understand a phenomenon

Sample: purposive; small sample size

Data: docs, groups, interviews, field investigation (speaking to patients)

Designs: phenomenological, grounded theory, ethnograph, case study, etc.

Question 3

quantitative data

Answer 3

Purpose: discover a causal relationship between variables

Sample: random, large sample size

Data: tests, surveys, questionnaires (definitive)

Designs: experimental, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, longitudinal, etc)

Question 4

distribution

Answer 4

Frequency: number of health events (disease cases) - how many people are sick?

Pattern: pattern by time, place, and person

Ex: Mark which residence halls on a map had reported individuals with influenza; tabulate the frequency of clinical signs, symptoms and laboratory findings

Hint/Key words:
Map
Graph
Frequency

Question 5

determinants

Answer 5

Causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health related events

Ex: compare food intake of persons who ate at a restaurant and got food poisoning versus those who are there and did NOT get food poisoning

Hint: Comparing those who are sick from something, and those who are healthy

Question 6

application

Answer 6

Goal: to prevent disease in the community

Ex: recommend hospital staff to receive their influenza vaccination or wear a mask as influenza cases increase

Question 7

John Graunt

Answer 7

published a landmark analysis of mortality data, Bills of Mortality

First to quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease

Question 8

william farr

Answer 8

The father of modern vital statistics and surveillance

Reported findings to health authorities and the general public

Question 9

John Snow

Answer 9

*father of epidemiology
Health problem: cholera outbreak in london
Marked where people with cholera lived/worked
Marked the water pumps - compared cholera outbreak to the pumps
**used spot mapping

Question 10

Descriptive epidemiology

Answer 10

describing an outbreak in terms of person, place, time

Question 11

Analytical epidemiology

Answer 11

measures the association between an exposure and disease

Question 12

19th and 20th century epidemiology

Answer 12

1930s and 1940s - began to research noninfectious diseases (ebola and aids)

1960s and 1970s - global smallpox eradication program

1980s - extended to studies of injuries and violence

1990s and 2001 - natural transmission of infection but also spread through biological warfare and bioterrorism

Ex: doll and hill - linked lung cancer to smoking

Question 13

Assessing the community’s health

Answer 13

use of data to identify baselines, to set health goals for the nation and monitor progress towards these goals

Question 14

Making individual decisions

Answer 14

use of epidemiologic information to make daily decisions about health

Question 15

Completing the clinical picture

Answer 15

epidemiologists assist physicians properly diagnosing illness

Question 16

Searching for causes

Answer 16

provides substantial evidence to link exposure and illness and effect action

Question 17

Public health surveillance

Answer 17

Ongoing, systematic collection of data to guide decision making and action

Goal: to portray patterns of disease to control spread and implement prevention measures

Ex: reviewing reports of test results for chlamydia from public health clinics

Question 18

Passive surveillance

Answer 18

looking at numbers and recording who is sick (trends, lists)

Question 19

Active surveillance

Answer 19

seeking out cases because you know they are coming (ex: COVID spread)

Question 20

Field investigations

Answer 20

AKA: “shoe leather epidemiology” - interviewing people

Goal: To understand the extent of an outbreak, identify affected individuals and identify the cause

Ex: interviewing people infected with chlamydia to identify their sex partners

Question 21

Analytic studies

Answer 21

Evaluate the credibility of a hypothesis generated from surveillance and field investigation

Comparative tables and statistical analysis between subjects

Ex: comparing people with symptomatic versus asymptomatic chlamydia infection to identify predictors