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HAN 333: exam 2 > Han 333: test 2 > Flashcards

Han 333: test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

phonological rules

A

correct pronunciation of a word, varying between languages

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2
Q

syntactic rules

A

the order of words within phrases and clauses

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3
Q

semantic rules

A

the meaning of individual words (ex: oh God in church, vs school)

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4
Q

pragmatic rules

A

facial expressions, perceptions, clothing, tone of voice

implications or interpretations of statements based on facial expressions, perceptions, etc….

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5
Q

denotative

A

the literal or dictionary definition of a word

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6
Q

connotative

A

a word’s implications (ideas or concepts a word suggests in addition to its literal meaning)

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7
Q

semantic triangle

A

2 referents -> symbol

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8
Q

loaded language

A

words with strongly positive or negative connotative meanings

ex: cancer, family, bailout, freedom

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9
Q

ambiguous language

A

making a statement that can be interpreted to have more than one meaning

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10
Q

hayakawa’s ladder of abstraction

A

more abstract (bottom) to more concrete (top)

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11
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

a theory that language shapes a person’s views of reality

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12
Q

principles of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A
  1. linguistic determinism - structure of language determines how we think
  2. linguistic relativity - language determines our perceptions of reality
    (people see the world differently depending on the language they speak)
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13
Q

credibility

A

the extent to which others perceive us to be competent and trustworthy

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14
Q

criticism

A

the act of passing judgment on someone or something

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15
Q

threats

A

declarations of the intent to harm someone

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16
Q

euphemisms

A

vague, mild expressions that symbolize something blunter or harsher

(sleep together vs. have sex)

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17
Q

slang

A

use of words understood only by others in particular group

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18
Q

defamation

A

language that harms a person’s reputation

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19
Q

profanity

A

vulgar, obscene language

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20
Q

hate speech

A

form of profanity meant to degrade

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21
Q

non-verbal communication

A

behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words

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22
Q

nonverbal communication serves several functions:

A

managing conversations, maintaining relationships, forming impressions, influencing others, concealing information

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23
Q

6 characteristics of nonverbal communication

A
  1. present in most communication contexts
  2. often conveys more than verbal communication
  3. usually believed over verbal communication (deception)
  4. primary means of expressing emotion
  5. metacommunicates
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24
Q

example(s) of metacommunication

A
  • “don’t take this the wrong way”
  • “i’m just kidding”
    *communicating about how we feel
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25
Q

nonverbal communication functions

A
  • managing conversations
  • maintaining relationships
  • forming impressions
  • influencing others
  • concealing information
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26
Q

immediacy behaviors

A

nonverbal signs of affection and affiliation (smiling, affectionate touch, using warm vocal tones, standing or siting close to each other)

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27
Q

facial displays (3 important functions)

A
  • revealing identity, signaling attractiveness, and expressing emotion
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28
Q

eye behaviors

A

oculesics - eye contact, pupil size

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29
Q

the study of movement

A

kinesics

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30
Q

the study of gestures

A

gesticulation

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31
Q

emblems

A

any gestures that have a direct verbal translation (ex: waving hello)

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32
Q

illustrators

A

gestures that go along with a verbal message to clarify it (ex: it was “this big”

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33
Q

affect displays

A

gestures that communicate emotion (ex: wring hands when nervous, or cover mouth when surprised)

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34
Q

regulators

A

gestures that control the flow of conversation (ex: raising hand when wishing to speak)

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35
Q

adaptors

A

gestures you use to satisfy some personal need (ex: scratching an itch or picking lint off your shirt)

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36
Q

vocalics

A

aka paralanguage - aspects of the voice that convey meaning (ex: pitch, filler words, articulation, accent, etc)

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37
Q

haptics

A

the study of the sense of touch
- affectionate touch (hugging, kissing)
- caregiving touch (haircut, teeth cleaning)
- power and control touch (guiding a guest around your home)
- aggressive touch (punching, slapping)
- ritualistic touch (shaking hands as a greeting)

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38
Q

olfactics

A

the study of smell (ex: memory, sexual attraction)

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39
Q

proxemics

A

how we use space to communicate

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40
Q

intimate distance

A

zone of space willingly occupied only with intimate friends, family members, romantic partners

0 to 1 1/2 feet

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41
Q

personal distance

A

zone of space occupied with close friends and relatives

1 1/2 feet to 4 feet

42
Q

social distance

A

zone of space occupied with casual acquaintances

4 to 12 feet

43
Q

public distance

A

the zone of space maintained during a public presentation

44
Q

halo effect

A

a predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people

45
Q

chronemics

A

the way we use time to communicate (giving or refusing out time)

46
Q

artifacts

A

objects and visual features in an environment that reflect who we are

can also reflect how we wish to be seen by others

47
Q

how culture influences nonverbal communication

A
  • emblems
  • affect displays
  • personal distance
  • eye contact
  • facial displays of emotion
  • greeting behavior
  • time orientation
  • touch
  • vocalics (filler words)
48
Q

how sex influences nonverbal communication

A
  • emotional expressiveness
  • vocalics
  • touch
  • appearance
49
Q

listening

A

the active process of making meaning out of another person’s spoken message

not automatic

50
Q

HURIER model

A

stages of effective listening
- hearing
- understanding
- remembering
- interpreting
- evaluating
- responding

51
Q

stonewalling

A

responding with silence and a lack of expression

52
Q

backchanneling

A

facial expressions, nods, vocalizations to let speaker know you are paying attention

53
Q

paraphrasing

A

restating in your own words what the speaker has said, to show that you understand

54
Q

informational listening

A

listening to learn

55
Q

critical listening

A

listening to evaluate or analyze

56
Q

empathic listening

A

listening to experience what the speaker thinks or feels

57
Q

noise

A

a barrier to effective listening

58
Q

glazing over

A

mind wandering and we end up not listening

59
Q

rebuttal tendency

A

debating a speaker’s point and formulating a reply while the person is still speaking

60
Q

closed-mindedness

A

tendency not to listen to anything with which you disagree

61
Q

competitive interruting

A

using interruptions to take control of a conversation

62
Q

confirmation bias

A

paying attention only to information that supports your values and beliefs

63
Q

vividness effect

A

the tendency of dramatic, shocking events to distort one’s perceptions of reality

ex: mass shootings seem terrible, however, the likeliness of being in one is low

64
Q

workplace communication

A

the interactions people have as part of their employment

65
Q

internal communication

A

the messages people within the workplace convey to one another

66
Q

formal communication

A

messages that come from the organization and relate to its operations

67
Q

upward communication

A

messages we send to people at higher levels of the organizational hierarchy than we occupy

68
Q

communication grapevine

A

metaphor used to indicate that informal messages are often conveyed in upward, downward, and lateral directions simultaneously

69
Q

appraisal interview

A

a discussion focused on an employee’s performance and goals for the future

70
Q

problem-solving interview

A

a discussion conducted to identify solutions to a problem or conflict

71
Q

exit interview

A

a conversation about an employee’s experiences with an organization that he or she is leaving

72
Q

counseling interview

A

an interaction aimed at supported an individual through a personal problem

73
Q

service-oriented interview

A

a conversation oriented toward helping people with a product or service they have purchased

74
Q

persuasive interview

A

a conversation intended to affect beliefs, opinions, or behaviors

75
Q

cover letter

A

one page letter in which a person formally applies for a specific position

76
Q

we speak to…

A

inform
persuade
entertain
introduce
give honor

77
Q

audience analysis

A

carefully considering the characteristics of one’s listeners when preparing a speech

78
Q

general search engine

A

website on which one can search for other websites containing information on a specific topic

79
Q

research search engine

A

a website on which one can search for research published in books, academic journals, and other periodicals

80
Q

conference paper

A

report of research that has been accepted for presentation at an academic setting

81
Q

thesis

A

the main message of a speech or oral presentation

82
Q

purpose statement

A

declaration of the specific goal for a speech

83
Q

topic pattern

A

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech to represent different categories

84
Q

time pattern

A

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech in chronological order

85
Q

space pattern

A

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech according to areas

86
Q

cause-and-effect pattern

A

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe the causes of an event and then identify its consequences

87
Q

problem-solution pattern

A

a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe a problem and then offer solutions for it

88
Q

transition

A

a statement that connects one point in a speech to the next

89
Q

preview transition

A

a statement alerting listeners that a speaker is about to shift to a new topic

90
Q

summary transition

A

a statement that briefly reminds listeners of points a speaker

91
Q

signposts

A

single words and phrases that distinguish one point in a presentation from another end help listeners follow the speaker’s path

92
Q

rule of subordination

A

a rule of speech organization specifying that some concepts in the speech are more important than others

93
Q

rule of division

A

a rule of speech organization specifiying that if a point is divided into subunits, it must have a least two subpoints

94
Q

rule of parallel structure

A

a rule of speech organization specifying that all points and all subunits should have the same grammatical structure

95
Q

impromptu speech

A

a speech delivered with littler or no preparation

96
Q

extemporaneous speech

A

a speech that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously

97
Q

scripted speech

A

a speech composed word for word on a manuscript and the read aloud exactly as it is written

98
Q

memorized speech

A

a speech composed word for word then delivered from memory

99
Q

libel

A

defamation in text

100
Q

slander

A

defamation in speech

HAN 333: exam 2 (10 decks)

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