Han 333: test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
phonological rules
A
correct pronunciation of a word, varying between languages
2
Q
syntactic rules
A
the order of words within phrases and clauses
3
Q
semantic rules
A
the meaning of individual words (ex: oh God in church, vs school)
4
Q
pragmatic rules
A
facial expressions, perceptions, clothing, tone of voice
implications or interpretations of statements based on facial expressions, perceptions, etc….
5
Q
denotative
A
the literal or dictionary definition of a word
6
Q
connotative
A
a word’s implications (ideas or concepts a word suggests in addition to its literal meaning)
7
Q
semantic triangle
A
2 referents -> symbol
8
Q
loaded language
A
words with strongly positive or negative connotative meanings
ex: cancer, family, bailout, freedom
9
Q
ambiguous language
A
making a statement that can be interpreted to have more than one meaning
10
Q
hayakawa’s ladder of abstraction
A
more abstract (bottom) to more concrete (top)
11
Q
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
A
a theory that language shapes a person’s views of reality
12
Q
principles of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
A
- linguistic determinism - structure of language determines how we think
- linguistic relativity - language determines our perceptions of reality
(people see the world differently depending on the language they speak)
13
Q
credibility
A
the extent to which others perceive us to be competent and trustworthy
14
Q
criticism
A
the act of passing judgment on someone or something
15
Q
threats
A
declarations of the intent to harm someone
16
Q
euphemisms
A
vague, mild expressions that symbolize something blunter or harsher
(sleep together vs. have sex)
17
Q
slang
A
use of words understood only by others in particular group
18
Q
defamation
A
language that harms a person’s reputation
19
Q
profanity
A
vulgar, obscene language
20
Q
hate speech
A
form of profanity meant to degrade
21
Q
non-verbal communication
A
behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words
22
Q
nonverbal communication serves several functions:
A
managing conversations, maintaining relationships, forming impressions, influencing others, concealing information
23
Q
6 characteristics of nonverbal communication
A
- present in most communication contexts
- often conveys more than verbal communication
- usually believed over verbal communication (deception)
- primary means of expressing emotion
- metacommunicates
24
Q
example(s) of metacommunication
A
- “don’t take this the wrong way”
- “i’m just kidding”
*communicating about how we feel
25
nonverbal communication functions
- managing conversations
- maintaining relationships
- forming impressions
- influencing others
- concealing information
26
immediacy behaviors
nonverbal signs of affection and affiliation (smiling, affectionate touch, using warm vocal tones, standing or siting close to each other)
27
facial displays (3 important functions)
- revealing identity, signaling attractiveness, and expressing emotion
28
eye behaviors
oculesics - eye contact, pupil size
29
the study of movement
kinesics
30
the study of gestures
gesticulation
31
emblems
any gestures that have a direct verbal translation (ex: waving hello)
32
illustrators
gestures that go along with a verbal message to clarify it (ex: it was "this big"
33
affect displays
gestures that communicate emotion (ex: wring hands when nervous, or cover mouth when surprised)
34
regulators
gestures that control the flow of conversation (ex: raising hand when wishing to speak)
35
adaptors
gestures you use to satisfy some personal need (ex: scratching an itch or picking lint off your shirt)
36
vocalics
aka paralanguage - aspects of the voice that convey meaning (ex: pitch, filler words, articulation, accent, etc)
37
haptics
the study of the sense of touch
- affectionate touch (hugging, kissing)
- caregiving touch (haircut, teeth cleaning)
- power and control touch (guiding a guest around your home)
- aggressive touch (punching, slapping)
- ritualistic touch (shaking hands as a greeting)
38
olfactics
the study of smell (ex: memory, sexual attraction)
39
proxemics
how we use space to communicate
40
intimate distance
zone of space willingly occupied only with intimate friends, family members, romantic partners
0 to 1 1/2 feet
41
personal distance
zone of space occupied with close friends and relatives
1 1/2 feet to 4 feet
42
social distance
zone of space occupied with casual acquaintances
4 to 12 feet
43
public distance
the zone of space maintained during a public presentation
44
halo effect
a predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people
45
chronemics
the way we use time to communicate (giving or refusing out time)
46
artifacts
objects and visual features in an environment that reflect who we are
can also reflect how we wish to be seen by others
47
how culture influences nonverbal communication
- emblems
- affect displays
- personal distance
- eye contact
- facial displays of emotion
- greeting behavior
- time orientation
- touch
- vocalics (filler words)
48
how sex influences nonverbal communication
- emotional expressiveness
- vocalics
- touch
- appearance
49
listening
the active process of making meaning out of another person's spoken message
*not automatic*
50
HURIER model
stages of effective listening
- hearing
- understanding
- remembering
- interpreting
- evaluating
- responding
51
stonewalling
responding with silence and a lack of expression
52
backchanneling
facial expressions, nods, vocalizations to let speaker know you are paying attention
53
paraphrasing
restating in your own words what the speaker has said, to show that you understand
54
informational listening
listening to learn
55
critical listening
listening to evaluate or analyze
56
empathic listening
listening to experience what the speaker thinks or feels
57
noise
a barrier to effective listening
58
glazing over
mind wandering and we end up not listening
59
rebuttal tendency
debating a speaker's point and formulating a reply while the person is still speaking
60
closed-mindedness
tendency not to listen to anything with which you disagree
61
competitive interruting
using interruptions to take control of a conversation
62
confirmation bias
paying attention only to information that supports your values and beliefs
63
vividness effect
the tendency of dramatic, shocking events to distort one's perceptions of reality
ex: mass shootings seem terrible, however, the likeliness of being in one is low
64
workplace communication
the interactions people have as part of their employment
65
internal communication
the messages people within the workplace convey to one another
66
formal communication
messages that come from the organization and relate to its operations
67
upward communication
messages we send to people at higher levels of the organizational hierarchy than we occupy
68
communication grapevine
metaphor used to indicate that informal messages are often conveyed in upward, downward, and lateral directions simultaneously
69
appraisal interview
a discussion focused on an employee's performance and goals for the future
70
problem-solving interview
a discussion conducted to identify solutions to a problem or conflict
71
exit interview
a conversation about an employee's experiences with an organization that he or she is leaving
72
counseling interview
an interaction aimed at supported an individual through a personal problem
73
service-oriented interview
a conversation oriented toward helping people with a product or service they have purchased
74
persuasive interview
a conversation intended to affect beliefs, opinions, or behaviors
75
cover letter
one page letter in which a person formally applies for a specific position
76
we speak to...
inform
persuade
entertain
introduce
give honor
77
audience analysis
carefully considering the characteristics of one's listeners when preparing a speech
78
general search engine
website on which one can search for other websites containing information on a specific topic
79
research search engine
a website on which one can search for research published in books, academic journals, and other periodicals
80
conference paper
report of research that has been accepted for presentation at an academic setting
81
thesis
the main message of a speech or oral presentation
82
purpose statement
declaration of the specific goal for a speech
83
topic pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech to represent different categories
84
time pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech in chronological order
85
space pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech according to areas
86
cause-and-effect pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe the causes of an event and then identify its consequences
87
problem-solution pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe a problem and then offer solutions for it
88
transition
a statement that connects one point in a speech to the next
89
preview transition
a statement alerting listeners that a speaker is about to shift to a new topic
90
summary transition
a statement that briefly reminds listeners of points a speaker
91
signposts
single words and phrases that distinguish one point in a presentation from another end help listeners follow the speaker's path
92
rule of subordination
a rule of speech organization specifying that some concepts in the speech are more important than others
93
rule of division
a rule of speech organization specifiying that if a point is divided into subunits, it must have a least two subpoints
94
rule of parallel structure
a rule of speech organization specifying that all points and all subunits should have the same grammatical structure
95
impromptu speech
a speech delivered with littler or no preparation
96
extemporaneous speech
a speech that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously
97
scripted speech
a speech composed word for word on a manuscript and the read aloud exactly as it is written
98
memorized speech
a speech composed word for word then delivered from memory
99
libel
defamation in text
100
slander
defamation in speech
