HAN 364 FINAL Flashcards

Question

What is PICO?

Answer 1

P: Patient or population (age, disease, gender) I: Intervention; prognostic factor; exposure - drugs/treatment C: Comparison: describe the main alternative being considered - placebo, standard therapy, no treatment, gold standard O: Outcome - describe what you are trying to accomplish, measure, improve, or affect

Answer 2

To construct a clinical question - provides clarity in defining inclusion criteria for the literature review

Answer 3

Systematic reviews & meta-analysis Randomized controlled trials Cohort studies Case control studies Uncontrolled studies Animal research; basic science experiments; expert opinions

Answer 4

subjects randomly assigned to a treatment or control group that received placebo or no treatment; only difference between the two is the intervention being studied

Answer 5

evaluate and follow patients who received same exposure, but one is not affected by the exposure while the other is

Answer 6

study patients with a specific condition compared with people who do not have the condition (less reliable than randomized controlled trials)

Answer 7

collections of reports on treatment of patients without control groups; much less scientific significance

Answer 8

high quality evidence derived from consistent RCT

Answer 9

moderate quality evidence inconsistent or less methodologically strong RCTs; exceptionally strong observational evidence

Answer 10

low quality evidence, usually from observational studies

Answer 11

very low quality evidence from flawed observational studies, indirect evidence or expert opinion

Answer 12

diagnosis prognosis therapy harm cost

Answer 13

which is more sensitive and specific for detecting a heart attack, Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) or troponin? (what disease/condition is affecting you)

Answer 14

will lowering the average blood pressure to less than 120/80 reduce the likelihood of a stroke? (how the disease or condition is going to affect you)

Answer 15

does the addition of Plavix to aspirin reduce the incidence of future strokes?

Answer 16

how many patients will have renal insufficiency due to an ace inhibitor compared to a beta blocker?

Answer 17

which is more cost effective to reduce hospital readmissions for heart failure, inpatient case management or home health nursing care?

Answer 18

systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about healthcare for specific clinical circumstances

Answer 19

Practice setting: are clinicians too busy or indifferent to new evidence? Contrary opinion: do the experts agree? Sparse data: is the evidence conclusive? Expect low initial acceptance CPGS can be too long, without summary Lack of local champions May lack patient input for both the writing of the CPGs and the implementation Incentives to adopt may be missing for clinicians

Answer 20

the use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to support long-distance clinical healthcare, patient and professional health-related education, public health, and health administration

Answer 21

the use of medical information exchanged from one site to another via electronic communications to improve patient’s health status (remote delivery of healthcare)

Answer 22

Rising cost of healthcare worldwide Shortage of specialists in rural areas Rise in chronic diseases and aging of population Improved collaboration among physicians and disparate healthcare organizations Raises patient satisfaction when it results in better access to specialty care COVID-19 happened

Answer 23

Telehealth: broader scope of remote health care services (ex: mobile health apps) Telemedicine: specifically remote clinical services (telehealth can refer to non-clinical services - ex: skype visit with doctor)

Answer 24

Limited reimbursement Limited research showing reasonable benefit High initial cost Limited availability of high-speed telecommunications Bandwidth issues Need for high resolution images or video for some specialties Licensure laws Lack of standards Lack of evaluation by a certifying organization Fear of malpractice as a result of telemedicine

Answer 25

Weight Blood pressure Glucose: blood sugar Oximeter: oxygen level Spirometry: breathing capacity Temperature Medication tracker Prothrombin time and international normalized ratio (PT/INR): how thin blood is Motion detectors fitness

Answer 26

Improve access to services in rural and underserved areas; reduced travel time and lowers the cost for specialists and patients alike

Answer 27

computational biology, biology, computer science and information technology merge to form a single discipline

Answer 28

the specialization of bioinformatics for human health

Answer 29

field that analyzes genetic material from species

Answer 30

study at the level of proteins (through gene expression)

Answer 31

study of genetic material in relationship with drug targets

Answer 32

the study of genes, proteins or metabolites (low molecular weight molecules found within cells and biological systems)

Answer 33

the analysis of genetic material derived from complete microbial communities harvested from natural environments

Answer 34

observable characteristic, structure, function, and behavior of a living organism

Answer 35

based on the raw genetic information that is associated with a phenotype or regulation of biological function

Answer 36

to have “tailor made” medications and treatments that target the individual and not a group having little in common with the patient

Answer 37

consist of double twisted helices of DNA

Answer 38

regions on chromosomes that encode instructions

Answer 39

complete set of genes

Answer 40

two groups of participants are studied; those with a disease of interest, compared with those without the disease.

Answer 41

comparing genes to disease associations, most recently using the electronic health record for phenotypical information

Answer 42

Diagnosing hereditary diseases Discovering future drug targets (mRNA - covid vaccine) Developing personalized drugs based on genetic profiles Developing gene therapies to treat diseases with a strong genomic component

Answer 43

New indications for an old drug (drug repurposing) New targets for existing drugs (treatment of tongue cancer using RET inhibitors) Drugs to work better in certain patient groups (gender, age, race, ethnicity) with possible genetic variants What drugs to avoid due to higher incidence of side effects that are genetically modulated Improve clinical decision support for EHR

Answer 44

Determining the base pairs that make up humans International collaborative started in 1990 3 million SNP discovered - variations Ethical, legal, social issues also discussed Huge relational databases are necessary to store and retrieve this massive information New technologies such as DNA arrays speed up analysis Significant drop in cost along the way

Answer 45

Not regulated, lacks external standards for accuracy, has not demonstrated economic viability or clinical benefits Patients must be sure of accuracy before undergoing (ex: prophylactic mastectomy) Patients will need genetic counseling (most physicians have not had this training) Genetic information nondiscrimination act of 2008 - protects patients against discrimination by employers and healthcare insurers based on genetic information

Answer 46

the art of prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals

Answer 47

systematic application of information, computer science and technology to public health practice, research and learning

Answer 48

ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data for prevention and control

Answer 49

surveillance using health-related data that precedes diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response - focuses on early symptom before clinical or laboratory confirmation of particular disease

Answer 50

Assessment, Policy Development, Assurance

Answer 51

public health agencies spend most of their time and resources on investigations of potential threats to public’s health Ex: testing and monitoring of water quality, laboratory examination of diseases, food-borne illnesses, testing for environmental hazards

Answer 52

public health agencies also create policies and regulations to protect the health of populations Ex: children required to have certain immunizations before they can attend school to prevent disease outbreaks

Answer 53

once laws and regulations are passed to protect health, public health agencies are tasked with ensuring compliance with them Ex: local health departments may perform housing inspections to assure landlords comply.

Answer 54

monitoring of a specific disease/health condition, or class of disease/health conditions that are of interest to public health

Answer 55

monitors data from specific events where large number of people gather in one place

Answer 56

Collect data on individual cases of a health event or disease with previously determined case definitions in respect to criteria for person, time, place, clinical & laboratory diagnosis Analyze case counts and rates, trends over time Ex: NEDSS base system

Answer 57

Collect data on clusters of symptoms and clinical features of an undiagnosed disease or health event in near real time allowing for early detection and rapid response mobilization

Answer 58

Collect and analyze data from designated agencies selected for their geographic location, medical specialty and ability to accurately diagnose and report high quality data.

Answer 59

Collet data based on health-risk behaviors, preventative health behaviors, and health care access in relation to chronic disease and injury Analyze prevalence of behaviors as well as trends in prevalence Data collected by personal interview

Answer 60

Incorporates epidemiologic and laboratory data in systems designed to monitor communicable diseases at all levels of public health jurisdiction, particularly in Africa

Answer 61

Monitors clinical outcomes to study disease progression or regression in a population Analyzes the rates of and factors associated with clinical outcomes using descriptive and inferential methods such as incidence rates from probability samples

Answer 62

Collects data from public health laboratories, which routinely conduct tests for viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens Used to detect and monitor infectious and food-borne diseases

Answer 63

Botulism-like illnesses Febrile (fever) illnesses (influenza-like illnesses) Gastrointestinal (stomach) symptoms Hemorrhagic (bleeding) illnesses Neurological syndromes Rash associated illnesses Respiratory syndromes Shock or coma

Answer 64

A system of hardware, software and data used for the mapping and analysis of geographic data

Answer 65

Provides access to large volumes of data

Answer 66

Specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health

Answer 67

Global Alert Response International Health Regulations Early warning surveillance Global public health intelligence network

Answer 68

the integrated infectious disease surveillance program within WHO

Answer 69

surveillance mechanism to effectively identify disease outbreaks and other health issues immediately following acute emergencies

Answer 70

to electronically monitor infectious disease outbreaks

Answer 71

provide a rapid identification and response to outbreaks and alert the international community

Answer 72

use of information technology to support research

Answer 73

adoption of electronic medical records and electronic research platforms - will have a major impact on evidence-based medicine in the future

Answer 74

Web-based applications which include features such as a personal profile, opportunities to connect with others with similar interest and the ability to post status updates

Answer 75

ability to evaluate adequate pools of patients to be recruited into the study. Requires clinical data repository from EHR data with a query tool to search de-identified information

Answer 76

By modifying inclusion and exclusion criteria, researcher can find the appropriate cohort for recruitment based on reasonable recruitment rate

Answer 77

researcher can search for grant opportunities and grant submission is now common for government and civilian agencies

Answer 78

Mange the planning, preparation, performance, and reporting of clinical trials Budget management, study calendar of patient visits, and create electronic case report forms

Answer 79

research electronic data capture (REDCap) and OpenClinica

Answer 80

the scientific study of the creation, validation and transformation of data to create meaning

Answer 81

the discovery and communication of meaningful patterns in data

Answer 82

Mathematics and statistics Domain expertise (business, healthcare) Programming (R, Python) Database and data warehousing Predictive modeling and descriptive statistics Machine learning and algorithms Big data Communication and presentation

Answer 83

organized collection of data

Answer 84

collection of related data

Answer 85

unique value that identifies uniquely a database record (patient ID)

Answer 86

a string of characters that indicates the format of valid input values (ex: time, phone number - ways to write numbers in correct format)

Answer 87

text, integer, alphanumeric, floating point

Answer 88

a request for data result from database (to perform calculation/answer simple question)

Answer 89

A relational database system concept that means uniqueness

Answer 90

(each row of table relates to only one row in another table - Student ID)

Answer 91

(each row may relate to more than one row in another table - class to students)

Answer 92

(multiple rows may relate to multiple rows - user belongs to multiple communities, community can have multiple users)

Answer 93

The process applied to database tables to prevent duplication of data

Answer 94

prevents each row from having duplicate data - ROW

Answer 95

prevents the repetition of data within a table’s column - COLUMN

Answer 96

requires every column to have dependency on the table’s primary key and be independent from the remaining non-key columns in the table - EVERYTHING DEPENDS ON PRIMARY KEY

Answer 97

Define the problem (raw data) Perform data pre-processing (cleaning; missing data - deleting; integration; reduction) Begin exploratory data analysis (descriptive stats used to look at distribution) Conduct analysis with statistical modeling Utilize data visualization

Answer 98

Statistical modeling (statistics) Machine learning (association, regression, classification, clustering) - analyze data with multiple algorithms Programming language

Answer 99

Survey: A list of questions you are asking to assist in reaching the project outcome. It will help the project team listen to the voice of the customer Questions could be related to training, technology, process, access, or facility

Answer 100

tracks order of events

Answer 101

identify gaps between current and future state

Answer 102

It is an evaluation tool used to compare multiple vendors based on the functions the organization seeks to obtain

Answer 103

Document that summarizes the project in less than a page and is usually geared towards organizational leaders (Problem Statement and Project Benefits, Project Goals and Objectives, Project Scope, Project Background)