Halogenalkanes 13

Question 1

Bond polarity

Answer 1

Bonds are polar because halogens are more electronegative than carbon. As you down the group the bonds get less polar

Question 2

Solubility

Answer 2

Not soluable in water

Dipole-dipole forces and van der waal forces

Question 3

Boiling point

Answer 3

Boiling point increase with increased chain length
Boiling point increase going down the halogen group

Increased van der waal forces because it has larger molecules and greater number of electrons

Question 4

Naming ( prefixes)

Answer 4

Fluoro-
Chloro-
Bromo-
Iodo-

How many are present
Di-
Tri-
Tetra-

Question 5

nucleophiles

nucleophilic substitution

Answer 5

reagents that attack and from bonds with positively or partially charged carbon atoms

lone pair of electrons (covalent bond)
hydroxide OH
Ammonia NH3
cyanide CN

replace the halogen in halogen alkane

Question 6

elimination reaction

Answer 6

a hydrogen halide is eliminated from the molecules leaving a double bond

OH- (base) = removing the hydrogen to make water

staircase

Question 7

substitution or elimination

Answer 7

substitution
-hydroxide ion at room temperature, dissolved in water

elimination
-hydroxide ion at high temperature dissolved in ethanol

Question 8

nucleophile

Answer 8

an ion or group a negative charge or a partially negatively charged area. it results in the graphs or atoms on the original molecules by the nucleophile

Question 9

electrophile

Answer 9

an electron-deficeinet atom, ion or molecule that takes part in an organic reaction by attacking areas of high electron density in another reactant

Question 10

substation reaction

Answer 10

chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compounds is replaced by another functional group

Question 11

addition reaction

Answer 11

one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecules with no other products

Question 12

elimination reaction

Answer 12

type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one or two step mechanism

Question 13

test for a halogenalkane

Answer 13

silver nitrate solution
substitution reaction
halogen - halide ion
test with silver nitrate solution

Question 14

reaction the test for a halogenalkane

Answer 14

halogenalkane is warmed with some sodium hydroxide solution of ethanol and water

acidified by adding dilute nitric acid ( prevents unreacted hydroxide ion reacting silver ions)

Question 15

observation of ions

Cl-

Answer 15

white precipitate

hard to distinguish (add ammonia solution )

dilute- colourless solution

Question 16

observation of ions

Br-

Answer 16

vary pale cream precipitate

hard to distinguish (add ammonia solution )
dilute - no change
concentrated - colourless

Question 17

observation of ions

I-

Answer 17

very pale yellow precipitate

hard to distinguish (add ammonia solution )
dilute- no change
concentrated - no change
precipitate is insoluble

Question 18

source of error in the reaction

Answer 18

drop size
measurement of how much
average time

Question 19

elimination reaction

Answer 19

OH- ion steals a H= from the haloalakane
there are too many electrons so makes a double bond

conditions
hydroxide dissloves

Question 20

test for a double bond

Answer 20

decolourises bromine water

Question 21

general formula

Answer 21

CnH2n+2X