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Chemistry > Alkane 12 > Flashcards

Alkane 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Polarity

A

Non-polar

Weak intermolecular forces between molecules are weak van der walls forces

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2
Q

Boiling point

A

Boiling point increases when the chain increases, shorter chains are gases at room temperature

Solid when over 18 carbons

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3
Q

Solubility

A

Insoluble in water because water molecules are bonded by hydrogen bonding

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4
Q

How alkanes react

A

Relativity unreactive

Can burn and react with halogens under suitable conditions ( a plentiful oxygen supply)

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5
Q

Fractional distillation of crude oil

A

Crude oil is first heated in a furnace
Mixture of liquid and vapour passes into a tower that is cooler at the top
Vapours pass up the tower via a series of trays
Condense to liquid
Liquid is pumped off

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6
Q

Bitumen

A

Road surfacing

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7
Q

Gasoline or petrol

A

Cars

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8
Q

Kerosene or paraffin

A

Jet fuel

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9
Q

Diesel oil

A

Lorries and taxes

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10
Q

Lubricating oil and waves

A

Candles and engine oil

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11
Q

Fuel oil

A

Ships

Power stations

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12
Q

Fracking

A

Gas can be extracted by drilling ibto the shale and forcing pressuried water mixed with sand. This means that the rock breaks up realesing trapped gas.
Natural gas

CH4 + 2O2 —— 2CO2 + 2H2O

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13
Q

Opposition of fracking

A

Don’t like the infrastructure of wells and the associated traffic
Concerns about the amount of water used
Worried about chemicals added to the water
Can cause small earthquakes
Burning natural gas producing carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Thermal cracking

A

Heating alkane to a high temperature (700-1200K) and high pressure (7000kPa)

Creates free radical to create small chains (free radicals = highly reactive)
(Thermal cracking takes place at high pressure and high temperature and produces a high percentage of alkenes)

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15
Q

Catalytic cracking

A

Temperature of 720K
Lower pressure
Zeolite catalyst ( honeycomb structure with a large surface area)
Acidic
Used to produce motor fuels
(Catalytic cracking takes place at a slight pressure, high temperature and in the presence of a zeolite catalyst and is used mainly to produce motor fuels and aromatic hydrocarbons)

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16
Q

Combustion

A

Burn in a plentiful supply of oxygen
Give out heat ( large negative enthalpies)
More carbon more heat

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17
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Limited supply of oxygen

Carbon monoxide is produced

18
Q

NO
NO2
N2O4
(Nitrogen oxides)

A

Can happen when in a petrol engine at high temperature. Oxygen reacts with the water vapour

19
Q

Sulphur dioxide

A

Acid rain

Sulphur impurity in crude oil

20
Q

Carbon particles

A

Can exacerbate asthma and cause cancer

21
Q

Unburnt hydrocarbon

A

Photochemical smog

22
Q

Flue gas desulfurisation

A

When you burn fossil fuels there are sulphur impurities and sulphur dioxide is produced.

Calcium oxide and water to from calium sulfate which can be oxidised to make gypsum which is used in plaster board.

Or you can use lime stone

23
Q

Catalytic converter

A

Honeycomb made of ceramic material coated in platinum and rhodium metals

React to form less harmful gases

24
Q

Alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbon

Carbon and hydrogen only

25
Q

Global warming and green house effect

A

Carbon dioxide behaves like glass, it traps infrared radiation so the earth heats up. Other greenhouse gases such as methane and water vapour.

26
Q

Carbon neutral activities

A

Actives such as airline flights produce a large amount of carbon dioxide.

27
Q

Process in a Chain reaction

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

28
Q

Initiation

A

Uv light

Cl2 —- 2Cl.
Two chlorine radicals
Free radicals are highly reactive

29
Q

Propagation

A

Cl. + CH4 —— HCl + .CH3

.CH3 + Cl2 ——- CH3Cl + Cl.

Both of the equations create another free radical

30
Q

Termination

A

Cl. + Cl. —– Cl2

.CH3 + .CH3 —— C2H6

Cl. + .CH3 —— CH3Cl

Forms no unpaired electrons

31
Q

Chlorofluorocarbons and ozone layer

A

Cl. + O3 —- ClO. + O2

ClO. + O3 —– 2O2 + Cl.

2O3 —– 3O2

32
Q

Cracking

A

Splitting larger hydrocarbon chains into smaller ones which are more useful

33
Q

Why is cracking important?

A

High market demand for smaller hydrocarbon chains

Larger hydrocarbon chains are split

34
Q

Alkenes and alkanes

A

Alkenes are more useful than alkanes at starting materials for further chemical reaction

35
Q

Polluting gases

A 
Soot
Water vapour
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Unburnt hydrocarbon
Nitrogen oxides
Sulphur dioxide
36
Q

Removing sulfur (flue gas desulfurisation)

A

Power station
Acid rain

Calcium oxide + water
Calcium sulfite (oxides)
Gypsum (used in builders plaster)

CaO + 2H2O + SO2 + 1/2O2 ——— CaSO4.2H2O
CaCO3 + 1/2O2 + SO2 —— CaSO4 + CO2

37
Q

Catalytic converter

A

Internal combustion engine
Reduces amount of pollutants ( big surface area)
Honeycomb made of ceramic material coated with platinum and rhodium metals

2CO2 + 2NO —– N2 + 2CO2

38
Q

Global warming

A

Visible rays from the sun pass through the carbon dioxide ( traps infrared radiation)

39
Q

Halogenalkanes

A

Only react with UV light

So they don’t react in a dark room

40
Q

Alkanes

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

41
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

C3H8 + 7/2O2 —– 3CO2 + 4H2O

Chemistry (20 decks)

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