Half Term One Flashcards
1
Q
What was the Royal Court like in 1625?
A
It was the centre of power and political life.
2
Q
What was the Privy Council and how large was it?
A
It was an inner circle of close advisers, usually numbering about 40.
3
Q
What were the three Kingdoms?
A
England, Ireland and Scotland.
4
Q
What were the five parts of the religious pendulum?
A
Puritans, Presbyterians, Anglicans, Arminians and Roman Catholics.
5
Q
Who was Charles at war with 1625?
A
Spain
6
Q
What continental war did England largely avoid during the reign of Charles I?
A
The Thirty Years’ War (1618-48)
7
Q
Did Parliament back the war with Spain?
A
Yes since it was anti-catholic.
8
Q
Who was George Villiers?
A
He was the Duke of Buckingham. He was James I’s chief advisor. He then became the chief advisor to Charles.
9
Q
Who did the Duke of Buckingham negotiate a marriage between?
A
Between Charles and Henrietta Maria, sister of the French King (Louis XIII)
10
Q
What was the character of Charles I?
A
Charles I was stubborn and had strong views of his own. He believed in the divine right of Kings.
11
Q
Who did Charles manage to secure a loan from and how much was it?
A
Charles secured a loan of £60,000 from City of London merchants, but it wasn’t enough so he had to summon a parliament.
12
Q
What did Parliament refuse to grant Charles?
A
Parliament refused to grant Tonnage and Poundage for life. They instead offered it on an annual basis.
13
Q
What religion did Charles promote?
A
He promoted Arminianism. This along with his wife having her own catholic court brough suspicions that he was catholic.
14
Q
Why did Charles dissolve parliament in 1625?
A
After foreign policy failures in Spain and a failing economy, parliament began discussing the impeachment of Buckingham.
15
Q
Did Charles summon parliament in 1626?
A
Yes; however, he quickly dissolved it because parliament started to talk about impeaching Buckingham.
16
Q
Did Charles get a grant in 1626 before he dissolved parliament?
A
No and he instead demanded a forced loan from all taxpayers. This was seen as a direct challenge to the law and existence of parliaments.
17
Q
What were the Five Knights ?
A
They were five Knights who refused to pay the loan and had been imprisoned.
18
Q
When were the Five Knights imprisoned?
A
In 1627
19
Q
What was the reaction of the Five Knights?
A
They sued for release under ‘habeas corpus’. However, they were denied the opportunity to go to court by Charles.
20
Q
What happened when Charles summoned parliament in 1628?
A
In desperate need of funds, Charles summoned parliament in 1628 but relations were no better.
21
Q
What was the foreign policy failure of Buckingham in 1628?
A
He failed in an attack on La Rochelle in support of French Protestants (Huguenots).
22
Q
What was the petition of Right 1628?
A
It wanted no imprisonment without trial, an end to the unlawfulness of martial law and non-parliamentary taxation. Parliament agreed to five subsidies in taxation for Charles but at the same time drew up the petition of Right.
23
Q
What were the five conditions of the Petition of Right?
A
No forced loans, no imprisonment without trial, no martial law, no free lodging for soldiers and a reversal of the Five Knights case.
24
Q
What was Charles’s response to the Petition of Right 1628?
A
He ended the parliamentary session without a dissolution and responded with a Petition of Right of his own.
25
What did Charles do to merchant Richard Chambers in 1628?
He had been released by the common law courts after refusing to pay Tonnage and Poundage. Charles then impirosned him using the Perogative Court.
26
Who did Charles make Bishop of London in 1628?
William Laud, an Arminian. This upset many people.
27
What happened to Buckingham in 1628?
He was murdered in Portsmouth. Whilst Charles grieved, the rest of the country celebrated with bonfires.
28
What happened when Charles ordered parliament to adjourn in 1629?
On the day of the adjournment, a group of MPs demanded the passing of resolutions against the growth of Arminianism, the levying of Tonnage and Poundage and the actions of those who paid it.
29
what happened when the Speaker refused to delay the adjournment?
When the speaker refused to delay the adjournment, he was held in his chair and the doors were locked until the resolutions passed.
30
What happened after Charles dissolved parliament in 1629?
He entered a period of self rule lasting from 1629 to 1640. This led some to accuse Charles of wanting to become an absolute monarch.
31
What was the reaction to the dissolution.
Initially there was little resistance to dissolution with many feeling that MPs had gone too far.
32
How did Charles govern in the early years of self rule?
He met reguarly with the Privy Council which was led by Laud (who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633) and Sir Thomas Wentworth (later Lord Strafford)
33
How did Charles change foreign policy in 1630?
He ended the war with France and Spain.
34
How did ending the war with France and Spain affect crown finances?
Spending was reduced from £500,000 to just £70,000
35
How did Charles reconstruct government finances?
He Managed crown lands btetter, he added new impositions for the collection of Tonnage and Poundage, revived feudal payments such as fines for building on land in royal forrests.
36
What did Charles do with monopolies?
Charles began to offer monopolies on items. For instance soap.
37
What did Charles do with Knighthoods?
All those with land worth over £40 were knighted and present themselves. All those who didn't were fined. Up to 9,000 people were fined.
38
What was Ship Money?
It was a tax hisotrically levied when the country was at risk of invasion in coastal counties.
39
When did Charles first levy ship money?
In 1634, it became worth £200,000
40
How did Charles change Ship money?
He extended it to inland counties in 1635 and it became an annual tax in 1636. It provided so much income that parliament would not be necesary to grant moeny any more.
41
How did Charles implement religious changes?
he demanded strict adherence to Arminianism with the growth of power of bishops.
42
How did Charles change churches?
He decorated churches with statues, colour and organs. Similar to Catholic churches.
43
How did Henrietta Maria play a part during personal rule?
She had significant influence. She had her own catholic chapel at whitehall palace and actively encourage catolic worship.
44
When did Charles encounter true resistance for the first time during personal rule?
1636
45
Who were the leaders of the group of resistance in 1636?
John Pym, the Earl of Warwick, the Duke of Bedford, Lord Saye and Sele, Oliver St. John and John Hampden.
46
What did Hapden refuse to do in 1636?
Pay ship money. He then started a legal challenge. The judges voted 7-5 in the king's favour, a narrow margin.
47
How did the Privy Council and Perogative Courts react to resistance?
They took a hard line against opposition. In one case, the court sentenced three puritan writers to have their ears chopped off.
48
Where did Charles's reign begin to unravel?
In Scotland
49
What was the religion Scotland?
Presbyterian
50
What did Charles implement in the Scottish Church in 1636 and 37?
In 1636, Charles issued a Book of Canons instructing the Scottish clergy on how to run services like the Church of England. In 1637, he introduced the English Prayer book. This provoked riots.
51
What was the response of the Scottish Clergy to Charles's policies in 1638?
They drew up a National covenant to defence the Kirk (church) nad restore their religious rights.
52
What major event occured in 1639?
The first Bishops war broke out.
53
What was the end result of the First Bishops war?
Charles lost and signed the Treaty of Berwick.
54
What type of soldiers did Charles use in the first Bishops' war and why?
Lacking funds, Charles had to use local militia.
55
What was the impact on Ship money due to the Bishops' war?
Revenue fell to just 20% of expected yield in 1639. This was because the Privy Council and local sheriffs were focussed on the war with Scotland.
56
What did Charles do to raise money in 1640?
For the first time in 11 years, Charles called parliament.
57
What was the name of the parliament Charles called in April 1640 and why?
The short parliament because it was dissolved after just three weeks.
58
What war began in 1640?
The Second Bishops' war.
59
What type of soldiers fought in the Second Bishops' war for Charles?
An under-equipped force, which largely sympathised with the Scots.
60
Where was Charles defeated in 1640 and what treaty did he sign?
Charles was defeated at the Battle of Newburn, near Newcastle and was forced to sign the treaty of Rippon.
61
What was the terms of the treaty of rippon?
Charles had to pay the Scots £850 a day whilst they occupied Newcastle.
62
What did Charles have to do in November 1640?
He called parliament again. It would become known as the Long Parliament (1640-1660)
63
How did Parliamentarians act when the Long Parliament was first called?
Pym and his allies impeached Laud and Strafford. They also took steps to forbid the financial strategies used by Charles.
64
What was the name of a major act passed in February 1641 and what did it entail?
The Triennial Act was passed, obliging Charles to call a parliament at least once every three years.
65
What was the name of the opposition group of MPs led by John Pym?
Pym's Junto
66
Who did the opposition remove when the Long Parliament was first called?
'Evil Counsellors', who were blamed for Charles's policies.
67
What happened to Strafford?
He was put on trial in April 1641, using an Act of Attainder which skipped the House of Lords. He was beheaded in MAy.
68
What was another act Pym secured in the early months of the Long Parliament?
He managed to make it so Parliament couldn't be dissolved without its own consent.
69
What religious changes did Pym want to implement in the early months of the Long Parliament?
Pym wanted to exclude Bishops from the house of lords and establish a new church along Prebyterian lines.
70
What did Pym push for in June 1641?
More Constitutional changes including the abolition of Perogative Courts and Ship Money.
71
What group formed against Pym who were considered in the middle ground?
The Constutional royalists. Led by Sir Edward Hyde and encouraged by Lord Falkland, they favoured a settlement between king and parliament.
72
What were the Ten Propositions and when were they proposed?
In 1641, MPs proposed significant extensions to parliamentary powers. They were sent just before Charles left for Sctoland to make peace.
73
What major event occured in October 1641?
There were rumours of Catholic attacks of Protestant settlers in Ireland.
74
What did people fear Charles would do with the catholic Army in Ireland in 1641?
People feared Charles would use the Catholic army to secure his position.
75
What was the Grand Remonstrance and when was it sent to the King?
It included much of the ten propositions and also included that parliament should be allowed to approve the King's choice of commander. It was sent in November 1641.
76
What rumours were circulating in January 1642?
Pym was planning to impeach Henrietta Maria.
77
What was Charles's repsonse to rumours that Henrietta Maria was going to be impeached?
He ordered the House of Lords to begin impeachment procedures against opposition.
78
What key event happened on the 4th January 1642?
Charles went to Westminster with 300 soldiers to arrest Pym, Hampden and other opposition. The five members set to be arrested had already fled.
79
What did Parliament send Charles in June 1642?
The Nineteen Propositions were sent as a basis of a negotiated settlement. However, the demands were unreasonable.
80
What did Charles do in August 1642?
The King raised his standard in Nottingham, beginning the Civil War.
81
Who did the military advantage lie with from 1642-43?
The King who gained a marginal advantage at the Battle of Edgehill.
82
What did Pym do in late 1643 which helped the parliamentarians win the civi war?
Pym, very ill with cancer persuaded the Scots to join the war.
83
What major battle occured in July 1644 and who won?
The Battle of Marston Moor near York was a major Parliamentarian victory.
84
How did Parliament change their army in early 1645?
The old military leaders were forced to resign. A new force of 22,000 men led by Sir Thomas Fairfax was created as the 'New Model Army'.
85
What major battle took place in June 1645 and won it?
The Battle of Naseby was a major parliamentarian victory and ensured defeat for Charles.
86
Who did Charles surrender to in April 1646?
Charles surrendered to the Scots in April 1646. He recieved many peace settlements from both the Scots and English.
87
What happened to William Laud in 1645?
Laud was executed, removing any criticisms of 'evil counsellors'.
88
Why did the Scots eventually hand Charles over to the English in February 1647?
They were fed up with Charles's delays over peace deals and provocations.
89
What were the Newcastle Propositions?
They set out that parliament would nominate the key officers of state, control the militia for 20 years, Bishops would be abolished and there would be a three-year experiment with Prebyterianism in England.
90
What was Charles's response to the Newcastle Propositions?
He delayed to answer, increasing tensions further.
91
What were Levellers?
They were a radical political group who emerged during the Civil War. They demanded religious freedoms. They had support from the New Model Army.
92
Who was Henry Ireton?
The son-in law of Cromwell.
93
What happened in June 1647 to Charles?
He was seized by junior officer, Cornet Joyce and taken back to London.
94
What did it mean for parliament that Charles had been seized?
He was now in the hands of the army not parliament.
95
What did Cromwell do once Charles was seized and taken to Hampton Court Palace?
Cromwell placed himself at the centre of the negotiations with the king.
96
What was the Heads of the Proposals and when was it given to Charles?
In August 1647, the proposals were presented to Charles. The Proposals included biennial parliaments, parliament to nominate officers of state for ten years, control of the militia for ten years and continued use of bishops.
97
What were the Putney Debates and what did they show?
They were debates that showed the divides between the radicals and leading army officers. Some radicals even wanted all men to have the right to vote.
98
Why were the Putney debates cut short?
Charles had escaped from Hampton Court Palace.
99
What had Charles secretly signed in 1648?
An agreement with the scots. He said the church of England would be Prebyterian for three years in exchange for Military support.
100
When did the Second Civil War break out?
In April 1648
101
What was the outcome of the Second Civil War?
Cromwell easily defeated the Scottish Army in August 1647.
102
What did Parliament do in response to the Second Civil War?
They sent four bills to Charles as a final demand, consisting of a slightly modified version of the Newcastle Propositions.
103
What was Charles's response to the four Bills sent by parliament?
He said he would consider allowing parliament some control of the militia. The Commons Voted that the King's reply was a basis for negotiations.
104
What major event took place on the 5th of December 1648?
A regiment soldiers led by Colonel Thomas Pride surrounded the Commons. He excluded 186 MPs who supported continued negotiations and arrested a further 45. This left a 'Rump' House of 240 Mps. This became knwon as Pride's Purge.
105
What was created to try Charles?
A hHigh Court of Justice.
106
What was Charles's response to his trial?
he refused to recognise the athority of the ccourt and did not enter a plea to the charges.
107
What was the result of the trial of Charles I?
Charles was found guilty of treason on the 27th of January 1649 and beheaded on the 30th of January.
108
What was the reaction of ireland and Scotland to the death of Charles I?
They procalmed Charles II as king in February 1649.
109
What did Ireton want to do after the execution of Charles?
He wanted to dissolve parliament and call new elections. But the mood of the country made that impossible so power remained with the Rump.
110
What happened to the Lords and and Monarchy in March 1649?
They were formally abolished.
111
Why did the Commonwealth struggle in the beginning?
There was little stability in the country. The nobles and gentry failed to cooperate and Scotland and Ireland were royalist strongholds.
112
What happened when Charles II invaded in 1651?
He was defeated at the Bttle of Worcester, suggesting that a combination of reform ans tability from the new regime could help it develop the support it needed.
113
What was a major problem that Commonwwalth faced when trying to reform?
It took a very long time to reform government. This caused shortfalls of £700,000 in 1653.
114
What did Cromwell do in Ireland in August 1649?
He suppressed revolts and committed massacres at Drogheda and Wexford.
115
What did Cromwell do in Sctoland in September in 1650?
He defeated the Scots ath the Battle of Dunbar.
116
Who was the country at war with from 1652 and 1654?
The Dutch and they were fighting about trade and shipping. The war cost £90,000 a month. equivalent to Charles I's annual spending.
117
Why and when did the Rump parliament end?
Cromwell lost patience with the Rump in April 1653 dissolved it.
118
What did Cromwell do after dissolving the Rump parliament?
Cromwell, was advised by Colonel Lambert to create a nominated assembly of men from radical groups and various churches. Cromwell formed a committee of four generals which asked the Independent Churches to nominate members for a new parliament.
119
What did Cromwell tell the members of the Assembly and what did the Parliament become known as?
Cromwell told the members of the Nominated Assembly that they were to answer the call of God and enact a godly reformation. The common nickname for this parliament was the Barebones parliament, named after one of its members, Nicholas barbon.
120
Why did the Barebones fail?
The radical Fifth Monarchists in the Nominated Assembly could not work with the moderates.
121
When was the Barebones Parliament dissolved?
In December 1653, the more moderate members met and voted to dissovle the Assebly.
122
What did Cromwell and Lambert do after the barebones parliament was dissolved?
Lambert produced the instrument of Government, offering a new constitution, with Cromwell in charge and a parliament designed by Lambert.
123
What was the Instrument of Government and what was it modelled on?
It laid out how the government would be run and was modelled on Ireton's heads of the Proposals from 1647.
124
What did The Instrument of Government lay out?
It Stated the Lord Protector would be supported by a Council of State and a single-chamber parliament with 460 members. Parlieamnets were to be elected every three years by voters with at least £200. They would sit for a minimum of five months. There would be a state church, but freedom of worship for all except Catholics and the supporters of Bishops. The government would rule over England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. This Parliament became known as the First Protectorate Parliament.
125
What were some of the laws implemented by the First Protectorate early on?
Bear-baiting and cock-fighting were banned, postal services were improved and laws were passed to prohibit blasphemy and drunkenness.
126
What were some of the problems Cromwell faced during the First Protectorate Parliament?
Cromwell struggled to keep the army.
127
What caused the dissolution of the First Protectorate parliament?
Republican MPs whom Cromwell had excluded from power during the dissoultion of the Rump, refused to recognise the Intrument of Government. Cromwell dissolved it in January 1655.
128
What was Cromwell's response to a royalist rising in Spring of 1655?
He imposed centrallised military rule. He divided the country into 11 districts each under the control of a major-general. This became known as the Rule of the Major-generals.
129
What was Cromwell offered in 1657?
He was offered the crown.
130
What did the Second Protectorate Parliament (1656-1658) want and what did Cromwell do in response?
The Second Protectorate Parliament was determined to replace the major generals. Cromwell saw the need to compromise and accept a new constitution.
131
What did the new constitution include?
The new constitution was effectively the restoration of the monarchy.
132
What was the Humble Petition and Advice and what did it include?
Government by a Lord Protector, the Lords and Commons to govern with the Protector, provision for hereditary succesion, parliament to control the army and approve the officers of state, regular elections and limited religious toleration.
133
When did Cromwell die?
He died in September 1658
134
Who was Richard Cromwell?
When Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as Lord Protector he was a civilian with no experience of war. He was forced to resign in May 1659 by teh Council of Officers.
135
What did the Council of Officers do?
They restored the Rump Parliament.
136
What did Richard Cromwell do in January 1659?
He hastily summoned the Third Protectorate Parliament?
137
Who took control and drove out the ruling minority in January 1660?
General George Monck.
138
What did George Mock do in February 1660?
He enabled members of the Long Parliament purged in 1648 to return so it could dissolve itself.
139
What was formed in April 1660?
A newly elected assembly called the Convention Parliament met and was presented with the Declaration of Breda, issued by Charles II with the advice of Hyde and Monck.
140
What did the Declaration of Breda include?
It promised cooperation and harmony, an amnesty for action taken in the civil war and interregnum, except for those who had signed the death warrant of Charles I, the settlement of issues, arreas of pay to the army and religious toleration.
141
When did Charles return to England?
He returned on the 25th of May 1660, parliament voted that government should consist of the King, Lords and Commons.
142
How did Charles see himself?
He believed he was chosen by god, not by parliament.
143
Why and when was the Convention parliament dissolved?
In December 1660 the Convention Parliament was dissolved so that fresh elections could take place.
144
What did the Fifth Monarchists do in January 1661?
There was an uprising by Fifth Monarchists. It was short lived but created an atmosphere of fear and suspicion in London.
145
What impact did the rising of the Fifth Monarchists in January 1661 have on the elections in 1661?
A very conservative parliament was elected known as the Cavalier Parliament.
146
What did the Cavalier Parliament want?
The Cavalier Parliament sought revenge rather than reconciliation. The Cavalier sought to strengthen the King's parliament.
147
What did the 1661 Militia Act state?
The King alone was in carge of the mlitia.
148
What did the revised Triennial Act of 1664 do?
It provided no mechanisms for enforcing the calling of parliament every three years.
149
What was the end result of the Savoy Meeting?
When the meeting began in April 1661, the impact of the Fifth Monarchists and the election of the Cavalier Parliament, helped the high church Laudians (Arminians) get their way.
150
What was the Savoy Meeting in 1661?
A meeting that would decide the details of the restored Church of England. The main three bodies were the Presbyterians, Anglicans and Laudians.
151
What was the November 1661 Corporation Act?
It ensured that only those who took Anglican Communion could be chosen to sit on the borough corporations that governed many of the ports and market towns. These ports and markets had generally been puritan strongholds.
152
What was the May 1662 Act of Uniformity?
It restored the Laudian Church and set such stringent conditions that 1,800 ministers were unable to conform and were expelled from their livings.
153
What was the impact of the attempt to destroy Puritanism in thr 1660's.
It backfired and ensured its survival.
154
What was the situation, Charles II found himself in financially at the beginning of his reign?
he had been offered less money than what he needed by the convention parliament. The Cavalier Parliament was more helpful but he still needed to raise taxes.
155
What was the Hearth Tax?
It was a tax levied in 1662; however, it only raised a third of the expected £250,000.
156
What were some of the contradicitions between Charles II and parliament?
Charles claimed that he ruled by divine right, but he was recalled by parliament, he need parliament to fund him. As well as this, Charles wanted a tolerant church, where's the cavalier parliament wanted a strict church.
157
Why was Charles suspected of being a Catholic?
He had spent much of his time in exile with Louis XIV. He also had a french mother. Charles also opposed the Act of Uniformity with would have prevented religious toleration. This would of helped Dissenters (Puritans) but also Catholics.
158
What was the outcome of the Second anglo-Dutch war 1665-67?
The war was badly managed and resulted in defeat for the English. The dutch also managed to break into the Medway River and destroy English Ships at anchor.
159
What major event occured in 1665?
There was the great Plague.
160
What major event occured in 1666?
The Great Fire of London.
161
Who did people believe were behind the great Plague (1665) and the Great Fire of London (1666)?
Many believed it was a secret Catholic plot.
162
What did James, Duke of York announce in 1668?
He announced his conversion to Catholicism.
163
What did the 1670 Treaty of Dover include?
It was a treaty with the French , committing England to support France in her ongoing wars with the Dutch. The Treaty also included a secret clause comitting Charles to announce his own conversion to Catholicism at an apporoproate time. A French subsidy would also be paid to Charles to free him from the need to be dependent on parliament.
164
What was the Declaration of Indulgence in 1672?
It aimed to increase religious toleration. This increased suspicions that Charles II was catholic. It was passed when parliament wasn't sitting.
165
What was the Stop of the Exchequer 1672?
Charles was unnable to pay his debts so he was forced to suspend payments.
166
What did parliament want in return for paying off Charles's debts?
Charles had to withdraw the declaration of indulgence (1672)
167
What was the Test Act (1673)?
It forced holders of public office to deny key Catholic doctrines. It forced his brother to resign as Lord Admiral and forced Lord Treasurer Clifford to resign. Charles then appointed Thomas Osbourne, Earl of Danby, as Lord Treasurer who was very Anglican.
168
What type of foreign policy did Danby pursue?
He pursued a pro-Dutch foreign policy, sealed by the marriage of Mary and William of Orange in 1677.
169
What did Danby's supporters become known as?
Tories
170
What did Danby's opposition led by Shaftesbury become known as?
Whigs
171
What was the Popish Plot?
Anglican Priest Titus Oates declared that there was a catholic plot to murder Charles II adn replace him with his catholic brother James. The story lacked credibillity but people still listened.
