Half Term One Flashcards
What was the Royal Court like in 1625?
It was the centre of power and political life.
What was the Privy Council and how large was it?
It was an inner circle of close advisers, usually numbering about 40.
What were the three Kingdoms?
England, Ireland and Scotland.
What were the five parts of the religious pendulum?
Puritans, Presbyterians, Anglicans, Arminians and Roman Catholics.
Who was Charles at war with 1625?
Spain
What continental war did England largely avoid during the reign of Charles I?
The Thirty Years’ War (1618-48)
Did Parliament back the war with Spain?
Yes since it was anti-catholic.
Who was George Villiers?
He was the Duke of Buckingham. He was James I’s chief advisor. He then became the chief advisor to Charles.
Who did the Duke of Buckingham negotiate a marriage between?
Between Charles and Henrietta Maria, sister of the French King (Louis XIII)
What was the character of Charles I?
Charles I was stubborn and had strong views of his own. He believed in the divine right of Kings.
Who did Charles manage to secure a loan from and how much was it?
Charles secured a loan of £60,000 from City of London merchants, but it wasn’t enough so he had to summon a parliament.
What did Parliament refuse to grant Charles?
Parliament refused to grant Tonnage and Poundage for life. They instead offered it on an annual basis.
What religion did Charles promote?
He promoted Arminianism. This along with his wife having her own catholic court brough suspicions that he was catholic.
Why did Charles dissolve parliament in 1625?
After foreign policy failures in Spain and a failing economy, parliament began discussing the impeachment of Buckingham.
Did Charles summon parliament in 1626?
Yes; however, he quickly dissolved it because parliament started to talk about impeaching Buckingham.
Did Charles get a grant in 1626 before he dissolved parliament?
No and he instead demanded a forced loan from all taxpayers. This was seen as a direct challenge to the law and existence of parliaments.
What were the Five Knights ?
They were five Knights who refused to pay the loan and had been imprisoned.
When were the Five Knights imprisoned?
In 1627
What was the reaction of the Five Knights?
They sued for release under ‘habeas corpus’. However, they were denied the opportunity to go to court by Charles.
What happened when Charles summoned parliament in 1628?
In desperate need of funds, Charles summoned parliament in 1628 but relations were no better.
What was the foreign policy failure of Buckingham in 1628?
He failed in an attack on La Rochelle in support of French Protestants (Huguenots).
What was the petition of Right 1628?
It wanted no imprisonment without trial, an end to the unlawfulness of martial law and non-parliamentary taxation. Parliament agreed to five subsidies in taxation for Charles but at the same time drew up the petition of Right.
What were the five conditions of the Petition of Right?
No forced loans, no imprisonment without trial, no martial law, no free lodging for soldiers and a reversal of the Five Knights case.
What was Charles’s response to the Petition of Right 1628?
He ended the parliamentary session without a dissolution and responded with a Petition of Right of his own.
What did Charles do to merchant Richard Chambers in 1628?
He had been released by the common law courts after refusing to pay Tonnage and Poundage. Charles then impirosned him using the Perogative Court.
Who did Charles make Bishop of London in 1628?
William Laud, an Arminian. This upset many people.
What happened to Buckingham in 1628?
He was murdered in Portsmouth. Whilst Charles grieved, the rest of the country celebrated with bonfires.
What happened when Charles ordered parliament to adjourn in 1629?
On the day of the adjournment, a group of MPs demanded the passing of resolutions against the growth of Arminianism, the levying of Tonnage and Poundage and the actions of those who paid it.
what happened when the Speaker refused to delay the adjournment?
When the speaker refused to delay the adjournment, he was held in his chair and the doors were locked until the resolutions passed.
What happened after Charles dissolved parliament in 1629?
He entered a period of self rule lasting from 1629 to 1640. This led some to accuse Charles of wanting to become an absolute monarch.
What was the reaction to the dissolution.
Initially there was little resistance to dissolution with many feeling that MPs had gone too far.
How did Charles govern in the early years of self rule?
He met reguarly with the Privy Council which was led by Laud (who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633) and Sir Thomas Wentworth (later Lord Strafford)
How did Charles change foreign policy in 1630?
He ended the war with France and Spain.
How did ending the war with France and Spain affect crown finances?
Spending was reduced from £500,000 to just £70,000
How did Charles reconstruct government finances?
He Managed crown lands btetter, he added new impositions for the collection of Tonnage and Poundage, revived feudal payments such as fines for building on land in royal forrests.
What did Charles do with monopolies?
Charles began to offer monopolies on items. For instance soap.
What did Charles do with Knighthoods?
All those with land worth over £40 were knighted and present themselves. All those who didn’t were fined. Up to 9,000 people were fined.
What was Ship Money?
It was a tax hisotrically levied when the country was at risk of invasion in coastal counties.
When did Charles first levy ship money?
In 1634, it became worth £200,000
How did Charles change Ship money?
He extended it to inland counties in 1635 and it became an annual tax in 1636. It provided so much income that parliament would not be necesary to grant moeny any more.
How did Charles implement religious changes?
he demanded strict adherence to Arminianism with the growth of power of bishops.
How did Charles change churches?
He decorated churches with statues, colour and organs. Similar to Catholic churches.
How did Henrietta Maria play a part during personal rule?
She had significant influence. She had her own catholic chapel at whitehall palace and actively encourage catolic worship.
When did Charles encounter true resistance for the first time during personal rule?
1636
Who were the leaders of the group of resistance in 1636?
John Pym, the Earl of Warwick, the Duke of Bedford, Lord Saye and Sele, Oliver St. John and John Hampden.
What did Hapden refuse to do in 1636?
Pay ship money. He then started a legal challenge. The judges voted 7-5 in the king’s favour, a narrow margin.
How did the Privy Council and Perogative Courts react to resistance?
They took a hard line against opposition. In one case, the court sentenced three puritan writers to have their ears chopped off.
Where did Charles’s reign begin to unravel?
In Scotland
What was the religion Scotland?
Presbyterian
What did Charles implement in the Scottish Church in 1636 and 37?
In 1636, Charles issued a Book of Canons instructing the Scottish clergy on how to run services like the Church of England. In 1637, he introduced the English Prayer book. This provoked riots.
What was the response of the Scottish Clergy to Charles’s policies in 1638?
They drew up a National covenant to defence the Kirk (church) nad restore their religious rights.
What major event occured in 1639?
The first Bishops war broke out.
What was the end result of the First Bishops war?
Charles lost and signed the Treaty of Berwick.
What type of soldiers did Charles use in the first Bishops’ war and why?
Lacking funds, Charles had to use local militia.
What was the impact on Ship money due to the Bishops’ war?
Revenue fell to just 20% of expected yield in 1639. This was because the Privy Council and local sheriffs were focussed on the war with Scotland.
What did Charles do to raise money in 1640?
For the first time in 11 years, Charles called parliament.
What was the name of the parliament Charles called in April 1640 and why?
The short parliament because it was dissolved after just three weeks.
What war began in 1640?
The Second Bishops’ war.
What type of soldiers fought in the Second Bishops’ war for Charles?
An under-equipped force, which largely sympathised with the Scots.
Where was Charles defeated in 1640 and what treaty did he sign?
Charles was defeated at the Battle of Newburn, near Newcastle and was forced to sign the treaty of Rippon.
What was the terms of the treaty of rippon?
Charles had to pay the Scots £850 a day whilst they occupied Newcastle.
What did Charles have to do in November 1640?
He called parliament again. It would become known as the Long Parliament (1640-1660)
How did Parliamentarians act when the Long Parliament was first called?
Pym and his allies impeached Laud and Strafford. They also took steps to forbid the financial strategies used by Charles.
What was the name of a major act passed in February 1641 and what did it entail?
The Triennial Act was passed, obliging Charles to call a parliament at least once every three years.
What was the name of the opposition group of MPs led by John Pym?
Pym’s Junto
Who did the opposition remove when the Long Parliament was first called?
‘Evil Counsellors’, who were blamed for Charles’s policies.
What happened to Strafford?
He was put on trial in April 1641, using an Act of Attainder which skipped the House of Lords. He was beheaded in MAy.
What was another act Pym secured in the early months of the Long Parliament?
He managed to make it so Parliament couldn’t be dissolved without its own consent.
