1642-1649 Civil War

Question 1

Who did the military advantage lie with from 1642-43?

Answer 1

The King who gained a marginal advantage at the Battle of Edgehill.

Question 2

What did Pym do in late 1643 which helped the parliamentarians win the civil war?

Answer 2

Pym, very ill with cancer persuaded the Scots to join the war.

Question 3

What major battle occurred in July 1644 and who won?

Answer 3

The Battle of Marston Moor near York was a major Parliamentarian victory.

Question 4

How did Parliament change their army in early 1645?

Answer 4

The old military leaders were forced to resign. A new force of 22,000 men led by Sir Thomas Fairfax was created as the ‘New Model Army’.

Question 5

What major battle took place in June 1645 and won it?

Answer 5

The Battle of Naseby was a major parliamentarian victory and ensured defeat for Charles.

Question 6

Who did Charles surrender to in April 1646?

Answer 6

Charles surrendered to the Scots in April 1646. He received many peace settlements from both the Scots and English.

Question 7

What happened to William Laud in 1645?

Answer 7

Laud was executed, removing any criticisms of ‘evil counsellors’.

Question 8

Why did the Scots eventually hand Charles over to the English in February 1647?

Answer 8

They were fed up with Charles’s delays over peace deals and provocations.

Question 9

What were the Newcastle Propositions?

Answer 9

They set out that parliament would nominate the key officers of state, control the militia for 20 years, Bishops would be abolished and there would be a three-year experiment with Presbyterianism in England.

Question 10

What was Charles’s response to the Newcastle Propositions?

Answer 10

He delayed to answer, increasing tensions further.

Question 11

What were Levellers?

Answer 11

They were a radical political group who emerged during the Civil War. They demanded religious freedoms. They had support from the New Model Army.

Question 12

Who was Henry Ireton?

Answer 12

The son-in law of Cromwell.

Question 13

What happened in June 1647 to Charles?

Answer 13

He was seized by junior officer, Cornet Joyce and taken back to London.

Question 14

What did it mean for parliament that Charles had been seized?

Answer 14

He was now in the hands of the army not parliament.

Question 15

What did Cromwell do once Charles was seized and taken to Hampton Court Palace?

Answer 15

Cromwell placed himself at the centre of the negotiations with the king.

Question 16

What was the Heads of the Proposals and when was it given to Charles?

Answer 16

In August 1647, the proposals were presented to Charles. The Proposals included biennial parliaments, parliament to nominate officers of state for ten years, control of the militia for ten years and continued use of bishops.

Question 17

What were the Putney Debates and what did they show?

Answer 17

They were debates that showed the divides between the radicals and leading army officers. Some radicals even wanted all men to have the right to vote.

Question 18

Why were the Putney debates cut short?

Answer 18

Charles had escaped from Hampton Court Palace.

Question 19

What had Charles secretly signed in 1648?

Answer 19

An agreement with the scots. He said the church of England would be Presbyterian for three years in exchange for Military support.

Question 20

When did the Second Civil War break out?

Answer 20

In April 1648

Question 21

What was the outcome of the Second Civil War?

Answer 21

Cromwell easily defeated the Scottish Army in August 1647.

Question 22

What did Parliament do in response to the Second Civil War?

Answer 22

They sent four bills to Charles as a final demand, consisting of a slightly modified version of the Newcastle Propositions.

Question 23

What was Charles’s response to the four Bills sent by parliament?

Answer 23

He said he would consider allowing parliament some control of the militia. The Commons Voted that the King’s reply was a basis for negotiations.

Question 24

What major event took place on the 5th of December 1648?

Answer 24

A regiment soldiers led by Colonel Thomas Pride surrounded the Commons. He excluded 186 MPs who supported continued negotiations and arrested a further 45. This left a ‘Rump’ House of 240 MPs. This became known as Pride’s Purge.

Question 25

What was created to try Charles?

Answer 25

A High Court of Justice.

Question 26

What was Charles’s response to his trial?

Answer 26

he refused to recognise the authority of the court and did not enter a plea to the charges.

Question 27

What was the result of the trial of Charles I?

Answer 27

Charles was found guilty of treason on the 27th of January 1649 and beheaded on the 30th of January.

Question 28

What was the reaction of Ireland and Scotland to the death of Charles I?

Answer 28

They proclaimed Charles II as king in February 1649.