1629-1640 Personal Rule

Question 1

What was the reaction to the dissolution?

Answer 1

Initially there was little resistance to dissolution with many feeling that MPs had gone too far.

Question 2

How did Charles govern in the early years of self rule?

Answer 2

He met regularly with the Privy Council which was led by Laud (who became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633) and Sir Thomas Wentworth (later Lord Strafford)

Question 3

How did Charles change foreign policy in 1630?

Answer 3

He ended the war with France and Spain.

Question 4

How did ending the war with France and Spain affect crown finances?

Answer 4

Spending was reduced from £500,000 to just £70,000

Question 5

How did Charles reconstruct government finances?

Answer 5

He Managed crown lands better, he added new impositions for the collection of Tonnage and Poundage, revived feudal payments such as fines for building on land in royal forests.

Question 6

What did Charles do with Knighthoods?

Answer 6

All those with land worth over £40 were knighted and present themselves. All those who didn’t were fined. Up to 9,000 people were fined.

Question 7

What did Charles do with monopolies?

Answer 7

Charles began to offer monopolies on items. For instance soap.

Question 8

What was Ship Money?

Answer 8

It was a tax historically levied when the country was at risk of invasion in coastal counties.

Question 9

When did Charles first levy ship money?

Answer 9

In 1634, it became worth £200,000

Question 10

How did Charles change Ship money?

Answer 10

He extended it to inland counties in 1635 and it became an annual tax in 1636. It provided so much income that parliament would not be necessary to grant money any more.

Question 11

How did Charles implement religious changes?

Answer 11

he demanded strict adherence to Arminianism with the growth of power of bishops.

Question 12

How did Charles change churches?

Answer 12

He decorated churches with statues, colour and organs. Similar to Catholic churches.

Question 13

How did Henrietta Maria play a part during personal rule?

Answer 13

She had significant influence. She had her own catholic chapel at Whitehall palace and actively encourage catholic worship.

Question 14

When did Charles encounter true resistance for the first time during personal rule?

Answer 14

1636

Question 15

Who were the leaders of the group of resistance in 1636?

Answer 15

John Pym, the Earl of Warwick, the Duke of Bedford, Lord Saye and Sele, Oliver St. John and John Hampden.

Question 16

What did Hampden refuse to do in 1636?

Answer 16

Pay ship money. He then started a legal challenge. The judges voted 7-5 in the king’s favour, a narrow margin.

Question 17

How did the Privy Council and Perogative Courts react to resistance?

Answer 17

They took a hard line against opposition. In one case, the court sentenced three puritan writers to have their ears chopped off.

Question 18

Where did Charles’s reign begin to unravel?

Answer 18

In Scotland

Question 19

What was the religion Scotland?

Answer 19

Presbyterian

Question 20

What did Charles implement in the Scottish Church in 1636 and 37?

Answer 20

In 1636, Charles issued a Book of Canons instructing the Scottish clergy on how to run services like the Church of England. In 1637, he introduced the English Prayer book. This provoked riots.

Question 21

What was the response of the Scottish Clergy to Charles’s policies in 1638?

Answer 21

They drew up a National covenant to defence the Kirk (church) and restore their religious rights.

Question 22

What major event occurred in 1639?

Answer 22

The first Bishops war broke out.

Question 23

What was the end result of the First Bishops war?

Answer 23

Charles lost and signed the Treaty of Berwick.

Question 24

What type of soldiers did Charles use in the first Bishops’ war and why?

Answer 24

Lacking funds, Charles had to use local militia.

Question 25

What was the impact on Ship money due to the Bishops’ war?

Answer 25

Revenue fell to just 20% of expected yield in 1639. This was because the Privy Council and local sheriffs were focussed on the war with Scotland.

Question 26

What did Charles do to raise money in 1640?

Answer 26

For the first time in 11 years, Charles called parliament.

Question 27

What was the name of the parliament Charles called in April 1640 and why?

Answer 27

The short parliament because it was dissolved after just three weeks.

Question 28

What war began in 1640?

Answer 28

The Second Bishops’ war.

Question 29

What type of soldiers fought in the Second Bishops’ war for Charles?

Answer 29

An under-equipped force, which largely sympathised with the Scots.

Question 30

Where was Charles defeated in 1640 and what treaty did he sign?

Answer 30

Charles was defeated at the Battle of Newburn, near Newcastle and was forced to sign the treaty of Rippon.

Question 31

What was the terms of the treaty of Rippon?

Answer 31

Charles had to pay the Scots £850 a day whilst they occupied Newcastle.

Question 32

What did Charles have to do in November 1640?

Answer 32

He called parliament again. It would become known as the Long Parliament (1640-1660)