Haemotological malignancy ALL AML CLL CML lymphomas Flashcards
What are the common Acute leukaemia?
They come from Common myeloid or common lymphoid prgenitor
How do acute leakaemias present????
What are the characteristics of major subtypes of leukemia?
ALL
AML
What is a blood film?
What is a normal blood film made up of?
What do acute leukameias look like on film - Nuceloili, large (increased amount of blast cells, large, large cytoplasm vs nucleus ratio
What other blood tests need to be done for acute leukemias?
What is a bone marrow biopsy? Why is it needed?
What is flow cytometry? Why is it needed? what does it show?
How is flow cytometry completed? What are they looking for? (cell surface markers)
e.g Blasts
CLL types
Lymphocyte subsets - cd4/8
What is cytogenetics, FISH studies of karyotypes?
What is AML? What is the epidemiology?
What is the median age of diagnosis?
What are the causes of AML? (can be associated with) (sporadic!!!)
HOW do we define AML (do not need to know) ever changing….
What are important prognostic factors for leukaemia?
What is the treatment approach for leukameia-
What is induction chemotherapy - what is the aim of this?
- infection massive risk for these patients
- as their bone marrow is suppressed for a whole month
- very aggressive aims to put into remission early on
What is azactidine?
What is a bone marrow transplant?
What does it aim to do?
Who should we transplant
What is ALL
What is CLL? Who does it affect most? (it is most common leukaemia)
How does CLL present?
What are the signs on examination
1) Lymphadenopahty
2) heptomegaly
Splenomegaly
How do we workup patients with CLL?
what is important to look for?
What imaging - CXR
BM
What are indications for treatment with CLL- (not all need or will be treated vs acute which need to be treated immediately)
How do we determine patients prognosis?
FISH anaylsis
What is the treatment choices?
- Chemotherapy
- Immunotherapy and targeted therapies
Lymphoma
What are the two major types?
What are the major cells types of lymphomas?
What is the most aggressive non-hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL 31%)
Mantle cell? - can very aggressive
What accounts for 10-15% of (NHL cases)?
How do we investigate/workup patients with lymphoma?
- Biospy core or excisonal
- histolgy
- flow cytometry
- staging
How do we stage Lymphomas? (Ann arbor staging system)
What is indolent NHL?
What are the indications for treating? (e.g B symptoms)
(most indolent lymphomas wont need to much treatment- not suspectible as much to chemotherapy)
What is an indolent example?
Each indolent lymphoma has its own prgnositic score. (dont need to know)
What are the aims for aggressive NHL?
What is DLBCL? (most common aggressive)
What is myleoma ?(disease of plasma cells)- they produce antibodies
How do Myleomas present clinically?
What are the investigations and workup for Myleomas?
What are paraprotiens?
- electrophoresis will show excess types of one type of antibodies! (all the same size, electrosensitibity) -Has monoclonal
Diagnotics criteria
What is MGUS?
Smouldering Myeloma?
Multiple myleoma?
FISH anaylsis = genetic + clinical symptoms determines treatment type
What are myeloma defining events? (CRAB)
What are the treatment options for MM? (it is non-curative)
What is the importance of supportive care - e.g bisphosphonates
Supportive care and needs for patients with haemotological malignancy
