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Haematology > Haemopoiesis and lymph > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis and lymph Flashcards

1
Q

Define haemopoiesis and what does it encompass

A
  • the formation of red cells, platelets, white cells

Includes

  • erythropoiesis
  • thrombopoiesis
  • leucopoiesis
  • granulopoiesis
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2
Q

What is the first cell type to reduce in numbers when haemopoeisis is halted?

A
  • neutrophils
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3
Q

What are platelets formed from?

A
  • budding of the cytoplasm of megakarocyte

- under the influence of thrombopoieitn (TPO)

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4
Q

What is a myelocyte

A
  • nucleated precursor between neutrophil and myeloblast
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5
Q

What is a function of a haematopoetic stem cell

A
  • able to self renew
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6
Q

What are the embryonic sites of haemopoeisis?

A
  • originally in the mesoderm at week 5 to week 10
  • yolk sac
  • liver
  • bone marrow by week 16
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7
Q

Where does haemaopoesis occur in the adult?

A
  • axial skeleton
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8
Q

What occurs to the sites of haemopoeisis as you age?

A
  • they are replaced with fat
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9
Q

Where is bone marrow sampled from in the adult?

A
  • iliac crest

- sternum

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10
Q

Where is the bone marrow sampled from in a young child?

A
  • tibia
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11
Q

What does the bone marrow contain?

A
  • cellular components
  • connective tissue matrix
  • vasculature elements
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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the bone marrow?

A
  • nutrient artery

- periosteal artery

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13
Q

Where does blood drain from the bone marrow into?

A
  • venous sinuses
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14
Q

Describe the histology of bone marrow sinusoids

A
  • discontinous capillaries

- cells and nutrients can pass through

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15
Q

Explain the myeloid:erythroid ratio

A
  • describes immature to mature cell production
  • erythroid ratio increases in blood loss
  • normal = 1.5:1 - 3.3:1
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16
Q

What are the 3 main factors that influence haemopoiesis

A
  • intrinsic properties
  • signals from immediate surrounds/periphery
  • anatomical areas
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17
Q

What is the main haempoetic growth factor?

A
  • colony stimulating factors (CSF)
18
Q

How is mature non-lymphoid cells assessed?

A
  • routine bloods

- bone marrow sampling

19
Q

What is immunophenotyping?

A
  • investigation by expression of antigens on lymphoid cells
  • marked with different fluorescent dyes
  • with flow cytomere % of cell types are calculated
20
Q

How is precursor haemopoetic cells investigated?

A
  • immunophenotyping
  • clongenic expression
  • animal models
21
Q

What antigen is expressed on T lymphocytes?

A
  • CD3 antigen
22
Q

What antigen is expressed of haemopoetic stem cells?

A
  • CD34
23
Q

When might Colony stimulating factors increase (CSF)

A
  • Increase in infection
24
Q

What stimulates platelet production?

A
  • stimulated by thrombopoietin (TPO)
25
Q

What forms the secondary lymphoid tissue?

A
  • spleen and the lymph nodes
26
Q

What forms the lymphatic system?

A
  • nodes and vessels
27
Q

What are lymphatic channels?

A
  • collect fluid and take to main circulation

- passive unidirectional flow

28
Q

What is the role of lymph nodes?

A
  • fluid percolates through the node for immune sampling
29
Q

What is the structure of lymph nodes?

A
  • small (up to 2.5cm) oval bodies

- located along the course of lymphatic vessels

30
Q

What is the sentinel lymph node

A
  • the 1st lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread
31
Q

How can the sentinel node be examined?

A
  • using dyes or radioactive isotopes
32
Q

Where are B cells found in the lymph node?

A
  • the follicles
33
Q

Where are plasma cells found in the lymph node?

A
  • deeper in the medulla
34
Q

Where are T cells found in the lymph node?

A
  • intrafollicular tissue
35
Q

Granulomatous lymphadenitis may indicate?

A
  • sarcoidosis

- caseous necrosis = mycobacterial TB until proven otherwise

36
Q

What is lymphoma?

A
  • malignant tumour derived from cells of the immune system
37
Q

What is the most common lymphoma?

A
  • Non-hodgkin lymphoma

B cell most common then T cell

38
Q

Why is it named non-hodgkin lymphoma?

A
  • it doesn’t contain reed-sternberg cells
39
Q

What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen?

A
  • sinusoids and cords

- act as a filter of blood cells

40
Q

What is the function of white pulp

A
  • located around arterioles
  • compromises of CD4+ T cells
  • antigen presenting for immune response
41
Q

Howell jolly bodies is a sign of what?

A
  • spleen removal
42
Q

What forms the germinal centre?

A
  • proliferation of centroblasts

Haematology (14 decks)

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