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HEMATOLOGY > Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What white cells modulate hypersensitivity rxns?

A

Eosinophils and Basophils

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2
Q

Which cell destroys parasites?

A

eosinophils

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3
Q

What are the diff. types of lymphocytes?

A

B-cells (Abs)
Tcells
NK cellls (anti-viral/ tumor)

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4
Q

What do monocytes convert to in the tissues?

A

Macrophages

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5
Q

What may be present in high no.s with acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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6
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

phagocytic clearance

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7
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

7-10 days

1 mill. platelets are made/ sec

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8
Q

What is a myelocyte?

A

nucleated precursor between neutrophils and blasts

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9
Q

What do all “blast” cells have in common?

A

they are NUCLEATED (erythroblast/ myeloblast)

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10
Q

Name the immediate red cell precursor.

A

Reticulocytes (polychromasia)

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11
Q

Name the platelet precursor.

A

megakaryocytes (polypoid)

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12
Q

Where do these progenitor/precursor cells come from?

A

HAEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

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13
Q

What do the multipotent progenitor cells give rise to ?

A

Myeloid progenitor

Lymphoid progenitor

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14
Q

What particular cell can self-renew?

A

stem cells

ft lost in following descendents

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15
Q

What is seen with differentiation in haemopoiesis?

—–What may occur simultaneously with differentiation?

A
  • stem cell descendants commit to ONE or MORE lineages

- proliferation (which may also occur simultaneously with maturation)

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16
Q

What happens in maturation of descendant cell?

A
  • descendants acquire FUNCTIONAL properties and may stop proliferating
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17
Q

Where do haemopoietic stem cells originate embryonically?

A
  • from the MESODERM
18
Q

Where is the first site of erythroid acitivity in an embryo?

A

YOLK SAC

stops by week 10

19
Q

What picks up on haemopoiesis, after the yolk sac and when?

A
  • at week 6, LIVER starts

–by week 16, Bone marrow starts

20
Q

Where does haemopoiesis occur in the marrow?

A
  • in AXIAL skeleton (best)
  • PELVIS
  • PROXIMAL LONG bones
21
Q

Haemopoiesis of the TIBIA and FEMUR drastically falls by what age?

A

tibia: by 20 y.o

femur: by 25 y.o
- —-so NOT the best place to obtain bone marrow sample retrieval

22
Q

Best place for bone marrow biopsy?

A
  • iliac crest

- Sternum

23
Q

Where is bone marrow biopsy obtained from in a bby?

A
  • anterior tibia
24
Q

What is seen under the microscope of a bone marrow sample?

A
  1. cellular: Haemopoietic cells and Non hemopoietic cells
  2. Connective tissue matrix
  3. Vascular elements
25
Q

What are non-haemopoietic cells like?

A
  • adipocytes
  • fibroblasts
  • osteoclasts/ osteoblasts
26
Q

Describe the relation between arteriole and venou sinsuses in the bone marrow vasculature.

A
  • arterioles DRAIN into sinuses (wide venous vessels> open into LARGER central sinuses)
  • —SINUSES are radially distributed around the draining CENTRAL sinus
27
Q

What is the diff. between vein and sinuses?

A

—-sinuses are larger and have a DISCONTINUOUS BM

28
Q

How do formed blood cells make its way into the circulation?

A

-the blood cells pass through the fenestrations in the endothelial cells of the sinusoids

29
Q

WHat is the release of red cells associated with?

A
  • sinusoidal dilatation and INCR. blood flow
30
Q

Why are there fewer choices for bone marrow sampling retrieval in older people?

A

(can’t retrieve from proximal long bones at old age)
—d.t INCR. in YELLOW marrow (Fatty, inactive marrow) with AGE
vs LOSS of red (haemopoietically active) marrow.

31
Q

What is the myeloid: erythroid ratio?

A
  • ratio of myeloid to erythroid PRECURSORS to the bone marrow
    (1. 5:1)–> (3.3:1)
32
Q

When may myeloid : erythroid ratio reverse?

A

in hemolysis

- as a compensatory response

33
Q

What regulates haemopoiesis?

A
  1. Intrinsic propert. of cells
  2. Signals from immediate surroundings and the periphery (MICROENV. factor)
  3. specific anatomical area (NICHE) for optimal developmental signals
34
Q

What regulates neutrophil precursor maturation?

A

G-CSF

granulocyte - colony stimulating factor

35
Q

WHat regulates the growth and development of megakaryocytes from their precursors?

A

Thrombopoietin

36
Q

What microenvironmental regulation exists for haemopoiesis?

A
  • haem-poietic stem cells OCCUPY a NICHE (anatomical site) —-that provides signals for expansion/ differentiation or dormancy
  • —site: around arteriole/ sinusoid; provides access to diff. signals (cytokines)

—-site is ALTERED in disease/ therapy

37
Q

How to assess haemopoiesis?

A
  1. Blood count/ cell indices/ morphology

2. Less common: BONE marrow examination—-usually to see precursor cell acitivity

38
Q

What test are sufficient for NON-lymphoid cells?

A
  • bloood count

- morphological assessment

39
Q

How to assess lymphoid cells?

A
  • the expression of antigens (indicate lineage/ stage development)
    by immunophenotyping
40
Q

What does immunophenotyping curtail?

A
  • way to IDENTIFY patterns of protein expression UNIQUE to a celll lineage
  • —Ag expression study done with specific Abs =
41
Q

How do you recognize diff. lymphocyte subsets?

A
  • monoclonal Abs SPECIFIC for each marker (anti- CD45/ CD3/CD4 Etc)
  • -which are covalently labelled with fluorrescent dyes —-each Ab will cause cells that it recognises to FLUORESCE with a unique color
42
Q

How do you quantify the fluorescent findings of lymphocyte sybsets?

A
  • —-pt sample that is stained with fluorescent monoclonal Abs in the Trucount tube (containing the Trucount beads)
  • is then run through the Flow cyotmeter together with the Trucount beads

–allowing calculation of the absolute Value of cell no. for each subset

HEMATOLOGY (20 decks)

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