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Medicine, Year 2, Block 9 (Disease Processes) > Haemodynamic Disorders > Flashcards

Haemodynamic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Which of these have valves, veins or arteries?

A

Veins

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2
Q

What are the three layers of tissue surrounding veins / arteries?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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3
Q

With respect to arteries and veins, how are their walls different?

A

Arteries have a thicker tunica media

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4
Q

Give two conditions which can cause oedema by Increasing hydrostatic pressure

A
  • Congestive heart failure

- Deep vein thrombosis

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5
Q

Give three conditions which can cause oedema by decreasing osmotic pressure

A
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Malnutrition
  • Nephrotic syndrome
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6
Q

Give four conditions which can cause oedema by Lymphadema

A
  • Infection i.e. Elephantiasis
  • Obstruction by malignancy
  • Surgical removal of nodes
  • Radiation
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7
Q

Give two conditions which can cause oedema by Sodium retention

A
  • Renal insufficiency

- Increased RAAS activity

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8
Q

Give one condition which can cause oedema by Inflammation

A
  • Septic shock
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9
Q

Fluid balance is maintained by two pressures - what are they called?

A
  • Hydrostatic

- Colloid osmotic (Oncotic)

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10
Q

What are “Petechia”?

A

Small haemorrhages (1-2mm)

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11
Q

What are “Pupura”?

A

Small haemorrhages (3-5mm)

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12
Q

What are “Ecchymosis”?

A

Haemorrhages (>1cm)

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13
Q

For hypovolaemic shock, what % of blood loss must occur?

A

> 20%

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14
Q

Arterial thrombi is mainly driven by what?

A

Platelets

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15
Q

What are the two types of Arterial thrombi?

A
  • Mural thrombi (non-occlusive)

- Occlusive thrombi

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16
Q

Venous thrombi is mainly driven by what?

A

Changes in blood flow (stasis)

17
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Solid, liquid or gaseous mass carried in the blood to a site distant form the point of origin

18
Q

In the arterial end of a capillary network, which is larger? HP or OP?

A

HP > OP

19
Q

In the venous end of capillary work, which is larger? HP or OP?

A

OP > HP

20
Q

What are the three phases of the circulatory haemostatic process?

A
  • Haemorrhage
  • Thrombosis
  • Fibrinolysis
21
Q

A thrombi which becomes detached is called a..?

A

Emboli

22
Q

What is “Hyperaemia”?

A

An excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the bod

23
Q

What are the two types of Hyperaemia and how can you define them?

A

Reactive Hyperaemia: increase in organ blood flow that occurs following ischaemia or accumulation of waste

Active Hyperaemia: is the increased blood flow that occurs when tissue is active

24
Q

Give three symptoms of a Pulmonary Embolism

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest pain on inspiration
  • Haemoptysis
25
Q

State 5 types of shock

A
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Hypovolaemic shock
  • Septic shock
  • Neurogenic shock
  • Anaphylactic shock
26
Q

Give 2 causes of cardiogenic shock

A
  • MI

- Arrhythmia

27
Q

Give 2 causes of Hypovolaemic shock

A
  • Haemorrhage

- Severe burns

28
Q

Give 1 cause of Septic shock

A
  • Bacterial infection
29
Q

Give 1 cause of Neurogenic shock

A
  • Spinal cord injury
30
Q

Describe what might happen during Neurogenic shock

A

Caused by severe damage to the CNS. This leads to a loss of systemic stimulation of blood vessels causing vasodilation and hypotension

31
Q

Describe what might happen during Anaphylatic shock

A

Release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, triggering widespread vasodilation and hypoperfusion

32
Q

Describe the pathway of stages which lead to Septic shock

A

Infection -> Bacteraemia -> SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) -> Sepsis -> Severe Sepsis -> Septic shock

33
Q

What is the mortality rate of patients with Septic shock?

A

25-50%

34
Q

What are the five broad causes of Oedema?

A 
Inflammation
Reduced hydrostatic pressure
Increased osmotic pressure
Salt retention
Lymph-oedema

Medicine, Year 2, Block 9 (Disease Processes) (28 decks)

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