Haemodynamic Disorders

Question 1

Which of these have valves, veins or arteries?

Answer 1

Veins

Question 2

What are the three layers of tissue surrounding veins / arteries?

Answer 2

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

Question 3

With respect to arteries and veins, how are their walls different?

Answer 3

Arteries have a thicker tunica media

Question 4

Give two conditions which can cause oedema by Increasing hydrostatic pressure

Answer 4

• Congestive heart failure

- Deep vein thrombosis

Question 5

Give three conditions which can cause oedema by decreasing osmotic pressure

Answer 5

• Liver cirrhosis
• Malnutrition
• Nephrotic syndrome

Question 6

Give four conditions which can cause oedema by Lymphadema

Answer 6

• Infection i.e. Elephantiasis
• Obstruction by malignancy
• Surgical removal of nodes
• Radiation

Question 7

Give two conditions which can cause oedema by Sodium retention

Answer 7

• Renal insufficiency

- Increased RAAS activity

Question 8

Give one condition which can cause oedema by Inflammation

Answer 8

• Septic shock

Question 9

Fluid balance is maintained by two pressures - what are they called?

Answer 9

• Hydrostatic

- Colloid osmotic (Oncotic)

Question 10

What are “Petechia”?

Answer 10

Small haemorrhages (1-2mm)

Question 11

What are “Pupura”?

Answer 11

Small haemorrhages (3-5mm)

Question 12

What are “Ecchymosis”?

Answer 12

Haemorrhages (>1cm)

Question 13

For hypovolaemic shock, what % of blood loss must occur?

Answer 13

> 20%

Question 14

Arterial thrombi is mainly driven by what?

Answer 14

Platelets

Question 15

What are the two types of Arterial thrombi?

Answer 15

• Mural thrombi (non-occlusive)

- Occlusive thrombi

Question 16

Venous thrombi is mainly driven by what?

Answer 16

Changes in blood flow (stasis)

Question 17

What is an embolism?

Answer 17

Solid, liquid or gaseous mass carried in the blood to a site distant form the point of origin

Question 18

In the arterial end of a capillary network, which is larger? HP or OP?

Answer 18

HP > OP

Question 19

In the venous end of capillary work, which is larger? HP or OP?

Answer 19

OP > HP

Question 20

What are the three phases of the circulatory haemostatic process?

Answer 20

• Haemorrhage
• Thrombosis
• Fibrinolysis

Question 21

A thrombi which becomes detached is called a..?

Answer 21

Emboli

Question 22

What is “Hyperaemia”?

Answer 22

An excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the bod

Question 23

What are the two types of Hyperaemia and how can you define them?

Answer 23

Reactive Hyperaemia: increase in organ blood flow that occurs following ischaemia or accumulation of waste

Active Hyperaemia: is the increased blood flow that occurs when tissue is active

Question 24

Give three symptoms of a Pulmonary Embolism

Answer 24

• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain on inspiration
• Haemoptysis

Question 25

State 5 types of shock

Answer 25

- Cardiogenic shock - Hypovolaemic shock - Septic shock - Neurogenic shock - Anaphylactic shock

Question 26

Give 2 causes of cardiogenic shock

Answer 26

- MI | - Arrhythmia

Question 27

Give 2 causes of Hypovolaemic shock

Answer 27

- Haemorrhage | - Severe burns

Question 28

Give 1 cause of Septic shock

Answer 28

- Bacterial infection

Question 29

Give 1 cause of Neurogenic shock

Answer 29

- Spinal cord injury

Question 30

Describe what might happen during Neurogenic shock

Answer 30

Caused by severe damage to the CNS. This leads to a loss of systemic stimulation of blood vessels causing vasodilation and hypotension

Question 31

Describe what might happen during Anaphylatic shock

Answer 31

Release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, triggering widespread vasodilation and hypoperfusion

Question 32

Describe the pathway of stages which lead to Septic shock

Answer 32

Infection -> Bacteraemia -> SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) -> Sepsis -> Severe Sepsis -> Septic shock

Question 33

What is the mortality rate of patients with Septic shock?

Answer 33

25-50%

Question 34

What are the five broad causes of Oedema?

Answer 34

``` Inflammation Reduced hydrostatic pressure Increased osmotic pressure Salt retention Lymph-oedema ```