Cellular Basis of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define “risk factor”

A

Something which confers an increased risk of developing disease

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2
Q

Define “predisposition”

A

Increased susceptibility to developing a disease - usually inherited

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3
Q

Define “pathogenesis”

A

Pathological mechanism resulting in clinical disease

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4
Q

Define “aetiology”

A

The cause of a disease

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5
Q

Define “dysplasia”

A

Abnormal cytological appearance and tissue architecture

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6
Q

Define “metaplasia”

A

Conversion of one type of differentiated tissue to another

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7
Q

What is the difference between metaplasia and transdifferentiation?

A

Metaplasia occurs at tissue level, whereas transdifferentiation is one cell type converting into another

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8
Q

Define “benign”

A

Uncontrolled focal proliferation of well differentiated cells

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9
Q

How can “coagulative necrosis” be identified microscopically?

A

Cell outlines are retained, however the cytoplasmic / nuclear details are lost.

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10
Q

How is coagulative necrosis usually caused? Give examples of organs commonly affected by coagulative necrosis

A

Caused by sudden ischaemia, can be visualised in heart, kidney or spleen

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11
Q

What is the most common type of necrosis?

A

Coagulative

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12
Q

How can “liquefactive necrosis” be identified microscopically?

A

Loss of tissue architecture / structure, appears homogenous

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13
Q

In what organs can liquefactive necrosis identified?

A

In cerebral infarction

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14
Q

What type of necrosis is visualised in a TB granuloma?

A

Caseating necrosis

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15
Q

How can “caseating necrosis” be identified?

A

Cheese-like, core of granuloma of inflammatory cells not digested completely

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16
Q

Define “hyperplasia”

A

An increase in cell number

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17
Q

Define “hypertrophy”

A

An increase in cell size

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18
Q

Acidic dyes react to what cellular components?

A

Cationic / basic components i.e. proteins

19
Q

Basic dyes react to which cellular components?

A

Anionic / acidic components i.e. nucleic acids, extracellular material

20
Q

In H&E stain, which is the acidic and which is the basic component?

A

Haematoxylin: Basic
Eosin: Acidic

21
Q

What does Haematoxylin stain and which colour?

A

Stains nucleic acids purplish blue

22
Q

What does Eosin stain and which colour?

A

Stains cytoplasm pink

23
Q

Are benign structures slow or fast growing?

A

Slow growing

24
Q

Compare the appearance of tumour edges in both Benign and Malignant structures

A

Benign: Smooth due to expansile growth, may be encapsulated

Malignant: Irregular, due to infiltrative growth

25
Q

Define “atrophy”

A

A decrease in size and number of cells

26
Q

Give six examples of chromosomal aberrations

A
  1. Inversion
  2. Translocation
  3. Ring
  4. Isochrome
  5. Deletion
  6. Duplication
27
Q

Give 3 examples of aneuploidy conditions

A

Down syndrome
Edwards syndrome
Patau syndrome

28
Q

What is a Robertsonian translocation?

A

Two participating chromosomes break at their centromeres and the long arms fuse to form a single, large chromosome with a single centromere

29
Q

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by what?

A

IgE

30
Q

Type II hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by what?

A

IgG

31
Q

Type III hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by what?

A

IgG

32
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by what?

A

T cells

33
Q

Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve what type of antigen?

A

Soluble antigen

34
Q

Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve what type of antigen?

A

Cell-associated antigen

35
Q

Type III hypersensitivity reactions involve what type of antigen?

A

Soluble antigen

36
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions involve what type of antigen?

A

Soluble antigen or cell-associated antigen

37
Q

What is the mechanism behind Type I Hypersensitivity reactions?

A

IgE induced mast cell activation

38
Q

What is the mechanism behind Type II Hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Complement mediated phagocytosis

39
Q

What is the mechanism behind Type III Hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Tissue damage induced by immune complexes

40
Q

What is the mechanism behind Type IV Hypersensitivity reactions?

A

T-cell mediated inflammation or cytotoxicity

41
Q

Give 3 examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions

A

Allergic rhinitis
Asthma
Systemic anaphylaxis

42
Q

Give 2 examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions

A

Chronic urticaria

Penicillin allergy

43
Q

Give 2 examples of Type III hypersensitivity reactions

A

Serum sickness

Arthus reaction

44
Q

Give 4 examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions

A

Multiple Schlerosis
Contact dermatitis
Crohn’s disease
Rheumatoid arthritis