haematology/ oncology Flashcards
most common causes of cancer in the UK:
- Breast
- Lung
- Colorectal
- Prostate
- Bladder
what is CA 15-3 a marker for
breast ca
what is AFP a marker for
Hepatocellular carcinoma, teratoma (if HCG high non-seminoma)
what is CEA a marker for
colorectal cancer
what is S-100 a marker for
Melanoma, schwannomas
what is Bombesin a marker for
Small cell lung carcinoma, gastric cancer, neuroblastoma
which thyroid malignancy is calcitonin raised in?
medullary thyroid cancer
cx of concurrent B12 and folate deficiencies:
how do we prevent this?
subacute degeneration of the chord
TREAT B12 DEFICIENCY 1ST (think alphabetical)
polycythaemia vera features: (6)
raised Hb
plethoric appearance
pruritus
HTN
splenomegaly
JAK2 mutation
iron studies results in iron deficiency anaemia
decreased:
serum iron
transferrin
ferritin
increased:
TIBC (total iron binding capacity)
i.e. body is trying to compensate for low iron stores
DIC typical blood picture:
low platelets
low fibrinogen
raised PT and APTT
raised fibrinogen degradation products
schistocytes due to microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
tumour lysis syndrome electrolyte dierangement:
high potassium
high phosphate
low calcium
tumour lysis syndrome prevention
iv fluids
allopurinol
rasburicase
(don’t give rasburicase and allopurinol together as it reduces effect or rasburicase)
LT mgt for sickle cell
hydorxyurea (increases HbF levels and used in prophylaxis of painful crisis)
pneumococcal vaccine every 5 yrs
blood film hyposplenism
(post splenectomy, coeliac)
target cells
Howell-Jolly bodies
Pappenheimer bodies
siderotic granules
acanthocytes
Fe deficiency blood film
target cells
‘pencil’ poikilocytes
if combined with B12/folate deficiency a ‘dimorphic’ film occurs with mixed microcytic and macrocytic cells
myelofibrosis blood film
‘tear-drop’ poikilocytes
intravascular haemolysis blood film
schistocytes
Megaloblastic anaemia blood film
hypersegmented neutrophils
myleoma blood film
Rouleax formation
AML blood film
Auer rods
causes of massive splenomelagy (5)
myelofibrosis
chronic myeloid leukaemia
visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)
malaria
Gaucher’s syndrome
multiple myeloma features
Calcium ^^
Renal failure
Aanaemia (and thrombocytopenia
Bone lesions/#s
Bleeding
Infection
reversal agent for:
dabigatran
Idarucizumab
reversal agent for:
rivaroxaban
apixaban
(also sometimes for edoxaban but not authorised)
Andexanet alfa
ITP (idiopathic thromocytopenia) mgt
PO prednisolone
von Willebrand’s mgt
tranexamic acid for mild bleeding
desmopressin
factor VIII concentrate
