Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DMD3 > Haematology and immunological disorders > Flashcards

Haematology and immunological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Body stops producing blood cells (red and white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the signs of aplastic anaemia?

A

Oral and facial petechiae

Gingival hyperplasia

Spontaneous gingival bleeding

Oral haemorrhagic bullae

Oral candidiasis

Viral infection

Oral ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Plummer-Vinson syndrome?

A

A premalignant condition of the oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the clinical signs of Plummer Vinson syndrome?

A

Sideropenic dysphagia

Atrophic glossitis

Angular cheilitis

Hyperkeratotic lesions on oral mucosa

Koilonychia (spoon shaped)

Dysphagia

Pharyngeal-osophageal ulcerations

Oesophageal webs

Oesophageal and pharyngeal SCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is polycythaemia Vera?

A

Chronic myeloproliferative disease characterized by predominant proliferation of erythroid cell line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes polycythaemia vera?

A

Primary bone marrow dysfunction => Haemorrhage, thrombosis, increased RBC mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical signs of polycythemia vera?

A

Mucosal erythema

Glossitis

Gingivitis.

Bleeding-
high doses of anti-platelet / anticoagulant drug therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens in chronic neutropenia?

A

Breakdown of a number of factors which neutrophils have function in.

This leads to increased risk of several infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What infections are people with chronic neutropenia prone to?

A

Pyogenic infections

Bacterial infections

Recurrent gingivitis

Severe periodontitis

Ulceration

Candidal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is cyclic neutropenia?

A

Recurs every 3 weeks for 3 - 5 days of severe neutropenia.

This leads to repetitive episodes of fever, oral ulcers, and infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which dental issues are associated with neutropenia?

A

Periodontal disease

Gingivitis

Infections

Neutropenia results in an increase in mucosal NO synthesis and this leads to ulcerations in oral mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What should be done for patients with ulceration due to neutropenia?

A

Provide periodontal treatment to reduce the symptoms as much as possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is thrombocytopaenia?

A

Abnormally low platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can cause abnormal platelet function?

A

NSAIDs

Anti-platelet drugs

Clopidogrel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes thrombocytopaenia?

A

Decreased production:

BM deficiency (Aplasia, CT, RT, infection, toxin, drugs, infiltration)

Inefficient erythropoeiesis

Increased destruction:

Non-immunological (DIC, TTP, HUS, Vasculites, ECMO)

Immunological (Drugs, alloimmune (neonatal purpura, autoimmune (ITP, SLE, LP, HIV, HCV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the types of vascular abnormalities?

A

Hereditary:

Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiactasia (autosomal dominant)

Ehlers Danlos syndrome

Marfan syndrome

Acquired:

vitC deficiency (Defective collagen synthesis leading to vascular fragility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the types of coagulation disorders?

A

Hereditary:

Von Willebrand disease (most common)

Haemophilia A (Factor VIII)

Haemophilia B (Factor IX)

Acquired:

Liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of coagulation disorders?

A

Facial petechiae

Conjunctival haemorrhage

Oral haematoma

Palatal and tongue purpura

Oral haematoma

Palatal and tongue purpura

Epistaxis

Gingival haemorrhage

Post-extraction haemorrhage

Skin and mucosal telangiectasia

Haemarthrosis of TMJ

19
Q

How is leukaemia classified?

A

Clinical behaviour: Chronic or acute

Primary haematopoeitic cell line affected: myeloid or lymphoid

20
Q

What are the adverse outcomes that can arise due to leukaemias?

A

Herpes

Candidiasis

Mucosal bleeding

Pallor

Inflamed gingivae

The increased herpes and candidiases as well as the pallor and inflamed gingivae are caused by the undergrowth of other cells due to overgrowth of leukaemic cells.

21
Q

What are the types of lymphoma? What symptoms are associated with each?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Reed-sternberg cells, enlarged lymph nodes

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Associated with chronic inflammatory disease (sjogren’s), lymphadenopathy or extranodal involvement, Gingival or mucosal tissue swelling or masses, toothaches and intrabony deposits

22
Q

What is a multiple myeloma?

A

Plasma cell neoplasm

23
Q

What are the possible oral manifestations of multiple myeloma?

A

Osteolytic bone lesions: Increased osteoclast formation, osteoblast inhibition induced by MM cells.

Can manifest soft tissue masses that are extramedullary plasmablastic tumors of the jaws. (Amyloid deposits presenting as nodular masses with/without ulceration.)

Plasma cell tumor growth= pain, paraesthesia, swelling, tooth mobility, radiolucency.

24
Q

What are the types of immunodeficiency?

A

Primary and acquired

Acquired is often caused by HIV, immunosuppressive therapy, and cytotoxic drugs

25
Q

What are the causes of primary immunodeficiency?

A

B-cell defects: Selective IgA deficiency, hypogammaglobulinaemia

T-cell defects: Mucocutaneous candidiasis, DiGeorge syndrome (congenital thymic aplasia)

Combined immunodeficiency: Severe combined immunodeficiency

Phagocytic defects: Chediak-Higashi syndrome (autosomal recessive due to a mutation of a lysosomal trafficking regulator protein)

26
Q

What is the relevance of B cell defects in dentistry?

A

Insufficient circulating antibodies, These are needed to prevent spread of odontogenic infections.

27
Q

What immune system changes result in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?

A

Absent lymphocyte proliferation to candida antigens

Absent or delayed hypersensitivity skin test response to candida antigens.

Impaired macrophage function

Neutrophil chemotactic defects

28
Q

What are the oral manifestations of immunodeficiency leading to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?

A

Oral candidiasis

Oral mucosal lesions

29
Q

What happens in digeorge syndrome?

A

Thymic aplasia causing issue with T-cells and this results in:

Oral candidiasis

Oral and oesophageal candidiasis

HSV

Periodontitis

RAU

Cleft palate (11%)

Bifid uvula

30
Q

What happens in severe combined immunodeficiency disease?

A

Both B and T cells are not very functional. Decreased immune response leading to:

Oral and oesophageal candidiasis

HSV

Periodontitis

RAU

31
Q

What causes severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome?

A

X-linked or autosomal recessive condition leading to absence of T and B cell function.

32
Q

What is chronic granulomatous disease?

A

A type of phagocytic defect where phagocytes are unable to kill some types of bacteria and fungi.

This leads to periodontal disease and recurrent pyogenic infection.

33
Q

What is Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A

Phagocytic defect where there are deficient platelet dense bodies, neutropenia, and defective neutrophil function with abnormal lysosomal inclusions, impaired chemotaxis, and bactericidal activity, and abnormal NK function

34
Q

What infections can arise as a result of Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A

Beta-haemolytic streptococcus

S.Aureus

Gram -ve species

Candida

Aspergillus

35
Q

How does HIV affect the immune system?

A

Reduction in CD4+ T cells

36
Q

What are the opssible outcomes of HIV?

A

Parotitis

RAU

HSV

Periodontal disease

Kaposi sarcoma

37
Q

How does advanced liver disease lead to immunodeficiency?

A

Causes deficiency in complement production

Increased incidence in bacterial infections

38
Q

How does multiple myeloma lead to immunodeficiencies?

A

Decreased Ig production

Combatting extracellular bacterial infections becomes harder as a result

39
Q

How does nephrotic syndrome lead to immunodeficiency?

A

Loss of Igs due to glomerular leakage of these immunoglobulins

This leads to increased extracellular bacterial infections.

40
Q

How do corticosteroids affect the immune system?

A

Decrease synthesis of interleukins and pro-inflammatory cytokines

Suppress cell-mediated immunity

Decreases complement synthesis

41
Q

How do the immunomodulators tacrolimus, Methotrexate, and alkylating agents cause immunosuppression?

A

Tacrolimus reduces activation of T cells because it is a calcineurin inhibitor.

Methotrexate interferes with enzymes required for DNA synthesis

Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide cause DNA strand breakage.

42
Q

Which biologics can affect immunocompetence?

A

TNF-α inhibitor- Infliximab
Monoclonal AB against

CD20 on B-cell surface- Rituximab

43
Q

Who takes immunosuppression medications?

A

Transplant patients

Chronic grafts vs host disease

Pemphigous, and pemphigoid

44
Q

What oral manifestations arise from immune suppression drugs?

A

Candidiasis

Bacterial infections

Dentoalveolar abscesses

Periodontitis

HSV

VZV

EBV

DMD3 (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions