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Haematology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the blood?

A
  1. transport
  2. immune system
  3. co-agulation
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2
Q

what are the 2 main composition of blood?

A
  • plasma

- cells

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of cells?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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4
Q

what are the 6 components of plasma?

A
  • lipids
  • nutrients
  • hormones
  • electrolytes
  • water
  • proteins
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5
Q

where are blood cells mainly produced?

A

the bone marrow

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6
Q

define anaemia

A

a low haemocrit (lack of haemoglobin)

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7
Q

what does MCV stand for and what is it?

A

mean cell volume and it is the SIZE of red blood cells

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8
Q

what is the condition where the blood cells are

  • a = too big
  • b = too small
A 
a = Macrolytic 
b = Microlytic
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9
Q

leukopenia is when..

A

you have to few white blood cells

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10
Q

what is the condition for too many white blood cells?

A

leukocytosis

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11
Q

what does WCC mean?

A

the total quantity of white blood cells

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12
Q

what can be done to test the different types of white blood cells?

A

differential count

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13
Q

thrombocythaemia is when..

A

you have too many platelets

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14
Q

what is the condition when you have too few platelets?

A

thrombcytopaenia

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15
Q

what are the two ways to test co-agulation?

A

1 - APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)

2 - PT (prothrombin time) / INR (international normalised ratio)

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16
Q

what are the two causes of anaemia?

A
  • lack of haemoglobin

- lack of cells

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17
Q

what are the 3 consequences of anaemia?

A
  • lack of raw materials
  • production problems
  • longevity problem
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18
Q

what are the raw materials that may lack in anaemia?

A
  • Vit B12
  • Iron
  • Folate
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19
Q

what can a lack of erythropoetin cause?

A

renal failure

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20
Q

when may you get an issue in the production process of a red blood cell?

A

a failure in the bone marrow

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21
Q

what are some of the causes of failure of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells? 4 things

A
  • chemotherapy
  • radiotherapy
  • haematological malignancy
  • chronic inflammatory disease
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22
Q

where are the main areas for loss of blood from the circulation? 4 things

A
  • bowel
  • menstruation
  • trauma (post operative)
  • other organs (unusual)
23
Q

define haemolysis

A

the destruction of cells in the circulation

24
Q

what are the 2 main causes of haemolysis?

A
  • auto immunity (red blood cells destroyed by anti bodies)

- abnormal red blood cells

25
Q

which type of anaemia will result in microlytic cells?

A

iron deficiency anaemia

26
Q

which type of anaemia will result in macrolytic cells?

A

B12/folate deficiency = autoimmune

27
Q

give 4 symptoms of anaemia

A
  • tiredness
  • dizzy
  • breathless
  • palpitations
28
Q

give 3 clinical signs of anaemia

A
  • pale
  • rapid pulse
  • may have oral features
29
Q

what investigations are needed when someone is diagnosed with anaemia?

A
  • blood tests to establish type

- investigation to detect cause

30
Q

what are the 2 treatments of anaemia?

A
  • supplements

- blood transfusion (if very severe)

31
Q

what must be checked in all black african & Caribbean decent before undergoing GA?

A

their sickle cell status

32
Q

are white blood cells common and serious?

A

they are rare and very serious

33
Q

what is the most important white blood cell deficiency?

A

neutropenia

34
Q

what is the cause of neutropenia?

A

bone marrow failure (chemo, radio, malignancy, chronic inflammatory diseases)

35
Q

neutropenia can present to a dental professional how?

A
  • candidal infection
  • viral (ie herpes simplex)
  • commensal bacteria
    in mouth and throat
36
Q

what are patients with neutropenia at high risk of?

A

serious disseminated (spreads widely through the body) infections

37
Q

name the two main types of haematological malignancy.

A
  1. leukaemia

2. lymphoma

38
Q

what happens at a microscopic level in a patient with leukaemia?

A

proliferation of primitive blood cells

39
Q

the two types of leukaemia are?

A

acute and chronic

40
Q

the most common malignancy in children is..?

A

acute leukaemia

41
Q

how does acute leukaemia present? 3 things

A
  1. marrow failure
  2. lymohadenopathy
  3. soft tissue infiltration
42
Q

name the 3 consequences of bone marrow failure?

A
  • anaemia
  • infection
  • bleeding
43
Q

what is the average survival for acute leukaemia?

A
  • 50% survival
  • 5 years
  • best in children
44
Q

how does chronic leukaemia present?

A
  • anaemia
  • lymphadenopathy
  • in adults
45
Q

what are the two types of lymphoma?

A

hodgkins & non-hodgkins

46
Q

who is normally affected by hodgkins lymphoma?

A

young adults

47
Q

how does hodgkins lymphoma present itself? 7 things

A
  • lymphadenopathy (cervical)
  • anaemia
  • fever
  • weight loss
  • night sweats
  • itch
48
Q

what is the % prognosis survival for hodgkins lymphoma?

A

80%

49
Q

non-hodgkins lymphoma is more likely to affect…

A

older adults

50
Q

how does non-hodgkins lymphoma present itself? 4 things

A
  • lymphadenopathy
  • fever
  • weight loss
  • anorexia
51
Q

what is the average survival rate for non-hodgkins lymphoma?

A

50%

52
Q

how may a patient who has haematological malignancy present to dental professionals? 4

A
  • atypical infections
  • bleeding
  • lymphadenopathy
  • gum infiltrations
53
Q

you may have platelet problems due to which 4 things?

A
  1. deficiency of raw materials - VitB12 & Folate
  2. production problems (bone marrow failure)
  3. destruction
  4. aggregation
54
Q

two ways that platelets can be destroyed are..?

A
  • immune mediate

- postural hypertension (spleen sequestration)

cms! (23 decks)

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