Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Finals > Haem > Flashcards

Haem Flashcards

1
Q

mnemonic for remembering the causes of microcytic anaemia

A

T – Thalassaemia
A – Anaemia of chronic disease
I – Iron deficiency anaemia
L – Lead poisoning
S – Sideroblastic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

causes of normocytic anaemia

A

3 As and 2 Hs for normocytic anaemia:

A – Acute blood loss
A – Anaemia of chronic disease
A – Aplastic anaemia
H – Haemolytic anaemia
H – Hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

caused of macrocytic anaemia

A

Megaloblastic anaemia is caused by:
- B12 deficiency
- Folate deficiency

Normoblastic macrocytic anaemia is caused by:
- Alcohol
- Reticulocytosis (usually from haemolytic anaemia or blood loss)
- Hypothyroidism
- Liver disease
- Drugs, such as azathioprine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mx of pernicious anaemia

A

IM hydroxocobalamin is initially given to all patients with B12 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Inherited haemolytic anaemic conditions

A
  • Hereditary spherocytosis
  • Hereditary elliptocytosis
  • Thalassaemia
  • Sickle cell anaemia
  • G6PD deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

acquired haemolytic anaemic conditions

A
  • Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
  • Alloimmune haemolytic anaemia (e.g., transfusions reactions and haemolytic disease of newborn)
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
  • Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
  • Prosthetic valve-related haemolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

different thalassemias

A

alpha: defect in alpha globin chain
beta: defect in beta globin chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

alpha thalassaemia featuer

A
  • chr16
    Mx
  • Monitoring
  • Blood transfusions
  • Splenectomy may be performed
  • Bone marrow transplant can be curative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

beta thalassaemia features

A
  • chr11
  • minor, intermedia, major
    Mx
  • intermedia and major: blood transfusion, iron chelation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a sickle cell crisis

A
  • an occur spontaneously or triggered by dehydration, infection, stress or cold weather
  • Mx supportively, keep warm, good hydration, analgesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an aplastic crisis

A
  • caused by parvovirus b19
  • supportive mx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

general mx of sickle cell

A
  • avoid triggers
  • up to date vaccines
  • abx prophylaxis with pen V
  • hydroxycarbamide
  • crizanlizumab
  • blood transfusion
  • bone marrow transplant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

types of leukaemia

A
  • Acute myeloid leukaemia (can transform from myeloproliferative disorder)
  • Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (children)
  • Chronic myeloid leukaemia
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (assoc with warm haemolytic anaemia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what condition is ALL associated with

A

Downs syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what can CLL transform into

A

high-grade B-cell lymphoma (Richter’s transofrmation) (smear cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

features of AML

A
  • auer rods
17
Q

General mx of leukaemia

A
  • chemo + radio
  • ALL: imatinib
  • AML: ATRA
  • CML: TKIs, monoclonal antibodies e.g. rituximab
18
Q

what is tumour lysis syndrome

A
  • due to chemicals released when cells are destroyed by chemo
  • High uric acid
  • hyperkalaemia
  • High phosphate
  • Low calcium (as a result of high phosphate)
  • need good hydration
19
Q

types of lymphoma

A
  • Hodgkin’s lymphoma
  • Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
20
Q

RF for Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • HIV
  • EBV
  • RA and sarcoidosis
  • FH
21
Q

types of non hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • diffuse large B cell
  • Burkitt
  • MALT
22
Q

presentation of lymphoma

A
  • lymphadenopathy
  • Hodgkin: worse on alcohol, reed stenberg
  • fever, weight loss, night sweats
23
Q

what is myeloma

A
  • cancer affecting plasma cells
  • MGUS, smouldering and multiple myeloma
  • CRAB mnemonic
  • pepper pot skull on XR
  • Mx: chemo, SCT, bisphosphonates, radio
24
Q

myeloproliferative disorders

A
  • can transform into AML
  • Primary myelofibrosis
  • Polycythaemia vera
  • Essential thrombocythaemia
25
Q

features of myelodysplastic syndrome

A
  • anaemia
  • neutropenia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • can see blasts on film
26
Q

conditions that can cause thrombocytopenia

A
  • Certain viral infections (e.g., EBV, CMV and HIV)
  • B12 deficiency
  • Folic acid deficiency
  • Liver failure, causing reduced thrombopoietin production by the liver
  • Leukaemia
  • Myelodysplastic syndrome
  • Chemotherapy
27
Q

causes of increased platelet destruction

A
  • sodium valproate
  • methotrexate
  • alcohol
  • ITP
  • TTP
  • HIT
  • HUS
28
Q

Features of TTP

A

Thrombocytopenia
Purpura
Tissue ischaemia and end-organ damage

29
Q

Features of ITP

A
  • antibodies against platelets
  • purpura
  • Mx: prednisolone, IVIG, splenectomy
30
Q

Features of VWD

A
  • bleeding gums
  • epistaxis
  • easy bruising
  • menorrhagia
  • Mx: desmopressin, tranexamic acid, VWF infusion, Factor 8 + VWF
31
Q

Haemophilia features

A
  • X linked recessive
  • A (8) and B (9)
  • risk of spontaneous bleeding
  • Mx: IV infusion of clotting factors
32
Q

Thrombophilia conditions

A
  • Antiphospholipid syndrome
  • Factor V Leiden
  • Antithrombin deficiency
  • Protein C or S deficiency
  • Hyperhomocysteinaemia
  • Prothombin gene variant
  • Activated protein C resistance
33
Q

Ix for DVT

A

Wells score
likely: leg vein USS
unlikely: D-dimer

34
Q

what is Budd-Chiari syndrome

A

obstruction to the outflow of blood from the liver caused by thrombosis in the hepatic veins or IVC. It is associated with hypercoagulable states It presents with a triad of:
- Abdominal pain
- Hepatomegaly
- Ascites

Mx: LMWH and warfarin, thrombolysis, TIPS, liver transplant

35
Q

granulomatosis with polyangitis

A
  • cANCA- directed against
    proteinase 3
  • URT (nosebleeds)
  • LRT (haemoptysis)
  • Renal (rapidly progressive
    glomerulonephritis)
  • chest signs
  • red cell casts
36
Q

Eosinophilic
Granulomatosis with
Polyangiitis

A

pANCA- directed against
myeloperoxidase
 Allergic asthma

37
Q

Microscopic
Polyangiitis

A

pANCA- directed against
myeloperoxidase
 LRT (haemoptysis)
 Renal (rapidly progre

Finals (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions