HadPop - Lecture 4

Question 1

What are the three domains of public health?

Answer 1

1) Health protection - Infections disease, emergency response etc
2) Health improvement - education, housing, employment
3) Improvement of health services - service planning, audit

Question 2

Define disease surveillance?

Answer 2

‘information for action’

Question 3

Explain what the two methods of disease surveillance are ?

Answer 3

1) Passive surveillance - Where the designated body receives reports are documents which are submitted by hospitals, clinics etc. This is a cheaper method and information usually lacks completeness and quality
2) Active Surveillance - where staff of the designated body attended the hospitals etc and seek information. this is more expensive but the information is more likely to be complete and be of good quality.

Question 4

What are the two types of surveillance?

Answer 4

1) Routine - Collection of basic minimum data set usually from one source
2) Enchanted - The collection of more detailed data, usually from more than one source.

Question 5

What are the 4 limitations of surveillance?

Answer 5

1) Under-reporting
2) lack of representativeness of reported cases - clinicians are more likely to report more serious / rare cases hence we don’t get a true representation of what’s going on in the population
3) trends are difficult to interpret - this is because all the data is subject to change on a daily basis
4) Lack of denominators - data is based on place of treatment not residence.

Question 6

There are 33 diseases which by law you must report to the proper if you come across them. list 4 of these?

Answer 6

• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella
• Cholera
• Botulism
• Rabies

Question 7

Define outbreak

Answer 7

This is when the observed number of cases exceeds the expected number of cases in a particular area.

Question 8

Define cluster

Answer 8

two or more confirmed cases with a epidemiological link

Question 9

What is a index case?

Answer 9

the first case to come to the attention of an investigator.

Question 10

What is a secondary case?

Answer 10

The case that contracted that infection from the primary case.

Question 11

Identify some sources of infection?

Answer 11

• Animal to person
• Waterborne
• Meat
• Person to person

Question 12

Describe the path of transmission of infection.

Answer 12

1) Reservoir
2) Immediate source
3) Mode of transmission
4) Susceptible host

Question 13

What does HAI stand for?

Answer 13

Hospital acquired infection

Question 14

Tell us somethings about HAI?

Answer 14

HAI - Hopsital acquired infection

occurs in 1 in 10 patients

increases average stay of the patient by 11 days.

Question 15

What is HCAI

Answer 15

Healthcare-associated infection

Question 16

HCAI can occur because of the result of:

Answer 16

1) Treatment within the health care setting
2) as a result of direct healthcare delivery in the community
3) a infection which arises outside of the health care setting but then brought into the hospital by patients or staff and then spread to other patients.

Question 17

What is a IPC program?

Answer 17

Infection, protection control program.

Question 18

How can we prevent the transmission of infection?

Answer 18

1) making sure the resvioir and immediate source are free from the microbe.
2) Another way to do it is too isolate the susceptible host meaning they won’t be able to get the infection
3) Remove the mode of transport so it can’t travel to the host.

Question 19

What is direct transmission?

Answer 19

This occurs via direct contact such as touching, biting or kissing

Question 20

What is in-direct transmission?

Answer 20

tranmission via inanimate objects.