HadPop - Lecture 2

Question 1

What are the types of variables

Answer 1

1) Categorical
- Ordinal
- Nominal

2) Numerical
- Continuous
- Discrete

Question 2

What is a continuous variable?

Answer 2

A value that lies between a certain set of real numbers

e.g. height, temperature

Question 3

What is a discrete variable?

Answer 3

A fixed value

e.g. number of cars

Question 4

What is an ordinal variable?

Answer 4

Categorical data that can be ranked

e.g. mild moderate

Question 5

What is a nominal variable?

Answer 5

Categorical data that cannot be ranked

Question 6

What type of data can a histogram represent?

Answer 6

Continuous

Question 7

How can you summarise frequency distribution graphs?

Answer 7

1) SHAPE
- UNIMODAL / BIMODAL

2) LOCATION
- MEAN
- MODE
- MEDIAN

3) SPREAD
- IQR
- SD

Question 8

If that graph is skewed to the right, what does this tell us about the mean and median?

Answer 8

The mean is greater than the median

Question 9

What is IQR?

Answer 9

Difference between the first and third quartile

Question 10

How do you calculate variance?

Answer 10

Sum of the squares / degrees of freedom

Question 11

How do you calculate SD from variance?

Answer 11

Take the square root of variance

Question 12

What does SD tell us?

Answer 12

The spread of data around the mean value

Question 13

What does a scatter plot show us?

Answer 13

The relationship between two continuous variables

Question 14

How can we analyse a scatter plot?

Answer 14

1) Linear or non linear
2) Weak or strong (dots close together = strong)
3) Negative or positive

Question 15

What is the correlation coefficient

Answer 15

a number between +1 and −1 calculated so as to represent the linear interdependence of two variables or sets of data.

Question 16

What is a ratio?

Answer 16

The division of two unrelated numbers

Question 17

What is a proportion?

Answer 17

The division of two related numbers

Question 18

What is rate?

Answer 18

Measure of frequency of occurrence per unit time

Question 19

What is incidence?

Answer 19

the number of new cases of disease per population at risk at a particular time

Question 20

What is prevalence?

Answer 20

The number of new and current diseases per population at a given time

Question 21

How do you calculate cumulative incidence?

Answer 21

Number of new cases of disease / population at risk of disease

Question 22

How do you calculate incidence rate?

Answer 22

Number of new cases of disease / population-time at risk of disease

Question 23

How do you calculate prevalence?

Answer 23

Number of new and current cases of disease / current population at the time

Question 24

How do you calculate IMR

Answer 24

Number of deaths in the first year of life / total number of births in that year

Question 25

How do you calculate crude death rate?

Answer 25

Number of deaths per 1000 population

Question 26

Age specific death rate

Answer 26

Number of deaths per 1000 in a age group

Question 27

Define health promotion

Answer 27

Enabling people to take control over and improve their own health

Question 28

What are the 5 key actions of health promotion

Answer 28

1) Medical
2) Behavioural change
3) Educational
4) Empowerment
5) Social change

Question 29

Complications of health promotion?

Answer 29

1) Ethics of interfering in peoples lives
2) victim blaming
3) fallacy of empowerment
4) reinforcing negative stereotypes

Question 30

Define a evaluation?

Answer 30

A rigours and systematic collection of data to assess the effectiveness of a program in achieving it outcomes