Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology of Learning and Memory > Habituation (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Habituation (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimuli that produce that behavior

Cumulative Stimulus Specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sensitization

A

conditioned responding to certain stimuli

Not stimulus-specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Perceptual Learning

A

process by which the ability of sensory systems to respond to stimuli is improved through experience

  • Learning in which experiences with a set of stimuli make it easier to distinguish those stimuli
  • greater ability to distinguish between similar inputs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acoustic startle reflex

A

defensive response to loud, unexpected noises which results in jumping and freezing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Orienting response

A

organism’s innate reaction to a novel stimulus
* fixation time: duration of staring
* stimulus-specific: pertaining to a specific event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dishabituation

A

a renewal of a response, previously habituated, that occurs when the organism is presented with a novel stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How rapidly a response habituates depends on:

A
  • how startling/arousing the stimuli is
  • the number of times it is expected
  • length of time between repeated exposures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Learning curve

A

rate of progress in gaining learning, skill, or experience (in this case, habituation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Massed

A

Exposures which are close together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spaced

A

Exposures which are spread out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Short-term habituation

A

Habituation which lasts seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Long-term habituation

A

Habituation that lasts for an extended period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reappearance (or increase in strength) of a previously habituated response after a short of no stimulus presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

General features of Sensitization

A

Phenomenon in which a salient stimulus (such as electric shock) temporarily increases the strength of responses to other stimuli (several exposures or just one depending on the arousal and state of mood.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Electrodermal activity (EDA)q

A

fluctuations in the electrical properties of a person’s skin that are a consequence of activity in the peripheral nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pulse inhibition

A

tuning out of a previously encountered response (similar to habituation)

  1. the initial weak stimulus can affect responding to a wide range of subsequent stimuli (including stimulation from other modalities)
  2. A single presentation of a weak stimulus can produce an effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Desentization

A

the process by which past experiences reduce responses to a wide range of related stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dual process theory

A

theory that habituation and sensitization are independent of each other but operate in parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Habituation and Senstization

A

processes occur in response to every stimulus

The summation of these two independent processes determines the strength of responding.

The processes change over time [dependent on stimulus if boring (habituation) or arousing (sensitization)]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Opponent process theory

A

two independent prostheses combined

  1. Scary ——> Fear
  2. Rebound ——> Exhilaration

Repetition likely:
* weakens the initial fear response * strengthens rebound response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Two distinguishing features of opponent process theory

A
  1. the rebound is directly triggered by the initial emotional response
  2. both underlying processes are associated with emotional arousal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Novel object recognition task

A

task in which an organism’s detection of a response to unfamiliar objects during exploratory behavior are used to measure its memories of past experiences with these objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neophobia

A

active avoidance of the object

24
Q

Familiarity

A

perception of similarity that occurs when an event is repeated knowledge of something we have known before

25
Priming
phenomenon in which prior exposure to a stimulus can improve the ability to recognize that stimulus later
26
word-stem completion task
task in which participants were asked to fill in the blanks in a list of words (e.g., MOT) to produce the first word that comes to mind. Examples: bread, milk, juice, so_p towel, shower, shampoo, so_p
27
Statistical learning
learning driven by repeated exposures to perceptual events that increase the familiarity and distinctiveness of these events.
28
Spatial learning
the acquisition of information about one's surrounding
29
Other-race-effect
People are generally better at recognizing faces of their own race. ***Harvard Project Implicit***
30
Spacing effect
Refers to the memory advantages of distributing study time with breaks in between, as compared to massing or cramming study time into only one session, holding total study time constant
31
Recall
1. Spaced - other words were provided between the two presentations of the same word 2. Massed - immediate repetition of the same word
32
Gill-withdrawal reflex
a survival reaction in which the Aplysia retract their gills under the safety of the mantle
33
Habituation in Aplysia
1. Initial light touch = gill-withdrawal 2. repeated light touch = reflex becomes weaker
34
Synaptic depression
a reduction in synaptic transmission; a possible neural mechanism underlying habituation
35
Sensitization in Aplysia
* Electrical shock applied to the tail * Aversive tail shock sensitizes subsequent responding
36
Homosynaptic
occurring in one synapse without affecting nearby synapses
37
Heterosynaptic
occurring in several nearby synapses simultaneously
38
Receptive field
range (or field) of physical stimuli that activates a single neuron
39
Homonculus
proportional topographical representation of the body parts on the somatosensory cortex
40
Cortical plasticity
the capacity to change cortical organization as result of experience
41
Cortical plasticity during development
repeated experiences shape the organization of the cortex during development, thus determining the perception of the world.
42
Cortical changes in adults after exposure
even in adulthood, repeated experiences can change our sensory perception, due to changes in the brain
43
Identifying places
some neurons fire when we wonder in one direction vs. another
44
place cells
a neuron that fires maximally when the organism enters a particular location within an environment
45
Head direction cells
cells that are shown to selectively fire when an animal is headed in a particular direction
46
Grid cells
cells that are shown to fire when an animal crosses through equal distances within an environment
47
Brain areas associated with declarative memory disorders
1. Thalamus 2. Hippocampus 3. Rhinal cortex 4. Amygdala 5. Mamillary body 6. Prefrontal cortex 7. Basal forebrain 8. Fornix
48
Recognizing familiar objects
navigation and identification of properties of objects
49
Rehabilitation after stroke
habituation gone wrong
50
Stroke
an event in which blood flow to some region of the brain stops or in which an artery ruptures causing neurons in affected region to die
51
Two types of strokes
1. Hemorrhagic strokes - caused by blockage of one of the cerebral blood vessels 2. Ischemic strokes - caused by blood vessel rupture and characterized by bleeding in the brain
52
Constraint-induced movement therapy
motor-rehabilitation technique in which unaffected limbs are restrained to increase usage of non-used limb
53
Repeated efforts
acquired ability to make distinctions between sensations - Habituation increases the difficulties of learned non-use - Perceptual learning processes help counteract reduced responses to weak stimuli by reorganizing cortical regions which support those stimuli
54
Sensitization to stress
* Contributes to Depression * rumination on factors which lead to experience of symptoms *can also contribute to anxiety disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder) * rumination on factors that lead them to repeat certain actions many times
55
Human-Machine Interfaces:
Regaining sensory modalities through perceptual learning
56
Sensory Prosthesis
A Mechanical device designed to supplemental or substitute for a faulty sensory modality such as vision or hearing; the device's sensory detectors interface with brain areas that normally process those sensory inputs
57
Cochlear Implant
sensory prosthesis that directly stimulates auditory nerves to produce hearing sensations in deaf individuals

Psychology of Learning and Memory (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions