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Psychology of Learning and Memory > Habituation (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Habituation (Exam 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimuli that produce that behavior

Cumulative Stimulus Specific

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2
Q

Sensitization

A

conditioned responding to certain stimuli

Not stimulus-specific

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3
Q

Perceptual Learning

A

process by which the ability of sensory systems to respond to stimuli is improved through experience

  • Learning in which experiences with a set of stimuli make it easier to distinguish those stimuli
  • greater ability to distinguish between similar inputs
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4
Q

Acoustic startle reflex

A

defensive response to loud, unexpected noises which results in jumping and freezing.

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5
Q

Orienting response

A

organism’s innate reaction to a novel stimulus
* fixation time: duration of staring
* stimulus-specific: pertaining to a specific event

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6
Q

Dishabituation

A

a renewal of a response, previously habituated, that occurs when the organism is presented with a novel stimulus

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7
Q

How rapidly a response habituates depends on:

A
  • how startling/arousing the stimuli is
  • the number of times it is expected
  • length of time between repeated exposures
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8
Q

Learning curve

A

rate of progress in gaining learning, skill, or experience (in this case, habituation)

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9
Q

Massed

A

Exposures which are close together

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10
Q

Spaced

A

Exposures which are spread out

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11
Q

Short-term habituation

A

Habituation which lasts seconds

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12
Q

Long-term habituation

A

Habituation that lasts for an extended period of time

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13
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reappearance (or increase in strength) of a previously habituated response after a short of no stimulus presentation

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14
Q

General features of Sensitization

A

Phenomenon in which a salient stimulus (such as electric shock) temporarily increases the strength of responses to other stimuli (several exposures or just one depending on the arousal and state of mood.)

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15
Q

Electrodermal activity (EDA)q

A

fluctuations in the electrical properties of a person’s skin that are a consequence of activity in the peripheral nervous system.

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16
Q

Pulse inhibition

A

tuning out of a previously encountered response (similar to habituation)

  1. the initial weak stimulus can affect responding to a wide range of subsequent stimuli (including stimulation from other modalities)
  2. A single presentation of a weak stimulus can produce an effect
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17
Q

Desentization

A

the process by which past experiences reduce responses to a wide range of related stimuli

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18
Q

Dual process theory

A

theory that habituation and sensitization are independent of each other but operate in parallel

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19
Q

Habituation and Senstization

A

processes occur in response to every stimulus

The summation of these two independent processes determines the strength of responding.

The processes change over time [dependent on stimulus if boring (habituation) or arousing (sensitization)]

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20
Q

Opponent process theory

A

two independent prostheses combined

  1. Scary ——> Fear
  2. Rebound ——> Exhilaration

Repetition likely:
* weakens the initial fear response * strengthens rebound response

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21
Q

Two distinguishing features of opponent process theory

A
  1. the rebound is directly triggered by the initial emotional response
  2. both underlying processes are associated with emotional arousal
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22
Q

Novel object recognition task

A

task in which an organism’s detection of a response to unfamiliar objects during exploratory behavior are used to measure its memories of past experiences with these objects.

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23
Q

Neophobia

A

active avoidance of the object

24
Q

Familiarity

A

perception of similarity that occurs when an event is repeated knowledge of something we have known before

25
Q

Priming

A

phenomenon in which prior exposure to a stimulus can improve the ability to recognize that stimulus later

26
Q

word-stem completion task

A

task in which participants were asked to fill in the blanks in a list of words (e.g., MOT) to produce the first word that comes to mind.

Examples:
bread, milk, juice, so_p
towel, shower, shampoo, so_p

27
Q

Statistical learning

A

learning driven by repeated exposures to perceptual events that increase the familiarity and distinctiveness of these events.

28
Q

Spatial learning

A

the acquisition of information about one’s surrounding

29
Q

Other-race-effect

A

People are generally better at recognizing faces of their own race.

Harvard Project Implicit

30
Q

Spacing effect

A

Refers to the memory advantages of distributing study time with breaks in between, as compared to massing or cramming study time into only one session, holding total study time constant

31
Q

Recall

A
  1. Spaced - other words were provided between the two presentations of the same word
  2. Massed - immediate repetition of the same word
32
Q

Gill-withdrawal reflex

A

a survival reaction in which the Aplysia retract their gills under the safety of the mantle

33
Q

Habituation in Aplysia

A
  1. Initial light touch = gill-withdrawal
  2. repeated light touch = reflex becomes weaker
34
Q

Synaptic depression

A

a reduction in synaptic transmission; a possible neural mechanism underlying habituation

35
Q

Sensitization in Aplysia

A
  • Electrical shock applied to the tail
  • Aversive tail shock sensitizes subsequent responding
36
Q

Homosynaptic

A

occurring in one synapse without affecting nearby synapses

37
Q

Heterosynaptic

A

occurring in several nearby synapses simultaneously

38
Q

Receptive field

A

range (or field) of physical stimuli that activates a single neuron

39
Q

Homonculus

A

proportional topographical representation of the body parts on the somatosensory cortex

40
Q

Cortical plasticity

A

the capacity to change cortical organization as result of experience

41
Q

Cortical plasticity during development

A

repeated experiences shape the organization of the cortex during development, thus determining the perception of the world.

42
Q

Cortical changes in adults after exposure

A

even in adulthood, repeated experiences can change our sensory perception, due to changes in the brain

43
Q

Identifying places

A

some neurons fire when we wonder in one direction vs. another

44
Q

place cells

A

a neuron that fires maximally when the organism enters a particular location within an environment

45
Q

Head direction cells

A

cells that are shown to selectively fire when an animal is headed in a particular direction

46
Q

Grid cells

A

cells that are shown to fire when an animal crosses through equal distances within an environment

47
Q

Brain areas associated with declarative memory disorders

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Rhinal cortex
  4. Amygdala
  5. Mamillary body
  6. Prefrontal cortex
  7. Basal forebrain
  8. Fornix
48
Q

Recognizing familiar objects

A

navigation and identification of properties of objects

49
Q

Rehabilitation after stroke

A

habituation gone wrong

50
Q

Stroke

A

an event in which blood flow to some region of the brain stops or in which an artery ruptures causing neurons in affected region to die

51
Q

Two types of strokes

A
  1. Hemorrhagic strokes - caused by blockage of one of the cerebral blood vessels
  2. Ischemic strokes - caused by blood vessel rupture and characterized by bleeding in the brain
52
Q

Constraint-induced movement therapy

A

motor-rehabilitation technique in which unaffected limbs are restrained to increase usage of non-used limb

53
Q

Repeated efforts

A

acquired ability to make distinctions between sensations

  • Habituation increases the difficulties of learned non-use
  • Perceptual learning processes help counteract reduced responses to weak stimuli by reorganizing cortical regions which support those stimuli
54
Q

Sensitization to stress

A
  • Contributes to Depression
  • rumination on factors which lead to experience of symptoms
    *can also contribute to anxiety disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder)
  • rumination on factors that lead them to repeat certain actions many times
55
Q

Human-Machine Interfaces:

A

Regaining sensory modalities through perceptual learning

56
Q

Sensory Prosthesis

A

A Mechanical device designed to supplemental or substitute for a faulty sensory modality such as vision or hearing; the device’s sensory detectors interface with brain areas that normally process those sensory inputs

57
Q

Cochlear Implant

A

sensory prosthesis that directly stimulates auditory nerves to produce hearing sensations in deaf individuals

Psychology of Learning and Memory (9 decks)

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