Episodic & Semantic (Exam 2)

Question 1

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 1

loss of the ability to recall memories from before the event (past, episodic) before a brain injury or disruption

* Memory loss is usually time graded, with more recent memories devastated and older ones being spared*

Question 2

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 2

loss of ability to create new memories (future), declarative memories (Hippocampus)

Question 3

Clive Wearing

Answer 3

Damage to the hippocampus from encephalitis resulting in retrograde and anterograde amnesia (Total Amnesia)

Question 4

H.M. Henry Molaison

Answer 4

He had a head injury from a bicycle crash, causing sudden epilepsies. He ended up going through surgery to remove both sides of the medial temporal lobes causing learning and memory issues

Question 5

Amnesia

Answer 5

severe memory impairment

Question 6

Episodic

Answer 6

memory for personal experience of specific autobiographical events includes information about the spatial and temporal contexts in which the event occurred.

Question 7

Semantic

Answer 7

memory for facts or general knowledge about the world, including general personal information (name)

Question 8

Declarative memory

Answer 8

include both semantic and episodic memory, and that can be typically verbalized (“‘declared”) or explicitly communicated in some other way

Question 9

Nondeclarative memory

Answer 9

a broad class of memory includes skill memory and other types of learning that do not fall under the episodic or semantic categories and are not always consciously accessible or easy to verbalize.
[Classical or Operant Conidtioning]

Question 10

Explicit memory

Answer 10

a category of memory that includes semantic and episodic memory and consists of memories of which the person is aware.

You now know that you know the information

Question 11

Implicit memory

Answer 11

memory that occurs without the learner’s awareness

Question 12

Encoding new memories

Answer 12

Not just exposure …but repetitive rehearsal

Question 13

Desirable Difficulties

Answer 13

struggling to learn information generally promotes better long-term retention

Question 14

Fornix

Answer 14

“Arc” or “arch” in Latin
memory is better if it relates to prior knowledge

Question 15

Deeper Processing at the level of Encoding

Answer 15

improved recall later

Question 16

Levels of Processing

Answer 16

the finding that, in general, deeper processing (such as thinking about the semantic meaning of a word) leads to better recall of the information than shallow processing (e.g., thinking about the spelling or pronunciation of a word)

Question 17

Encoding specificity effect

Answer 17

the principle that retrieval is likely to be more successful is the cues and contextual conditions present at recall are similar to those that were present at encoding

Question 18

Transfer-Appropriate Processing (TAP) Effect

Answer 18

the principle that memory retrieval will be best when the way that information is processed at encoding matches how it will be processed at retrieval

Question 19

Free recall

Answer 19

memory test involving generating requested info

Question 20

Cued recall

Answer 20

memory test involving a prompt like a cue to aid recall

Question 21

Recognition

Answer 21

memory test involving picking out (or recognizing) a studied item from a set of options

Question 22

The testing effect

Answer 22

way to further encode for later on by retrieving what we have learned

Question 23

Tip-of-tongue (ToT)

Answer 23

a temporary failure in memory, not able to readily retrieve

Question 24

Direct forgetting

Answer 24

a procedure in which participants are first asked to learn information and later asked to remember or forget specific items; typically, memory is worse for items that the person was directed to forget

Question 25

Interference

Answer 25

Reduction in the strength of memory due to overlap with the content of other memories

Question 26

Proactive interferences

Answer 26

disruption of new learning by previously stored information

Question 27

Retroactive interferences

Answer 27

disruption of old (previously stored) information by more recent learning

Question 28

Source monitoring errors

Answer 28

remembering information but being mistaken about the specific episode that is the source of that memory

Question 29

False memory

Answer 29

memory for events that never actually happened

Question 30

Consolidation Period

Answer 30

a length of time during which new episodic and semantic memories are vulnerable and easily lost or altered; each time a memory is recalled, it may become vulnerable again until it has been “reconsolidated”

Question 31

Electroconvulsive Shock (ECT)

Answer 31

a brief pulse of electricity that is passed through the brain and can severely disrupt newly formed memories

[older memories are harder to disrupt, but new memories are vulnerable]

Question 32

Reconsolidation

Answer 32

process whereby each time an old memory is recalled or reactivated, it may become vulnerable to modification [reconstructing]

can be modified upon reconsolidation with your present sense or knowledge

Question 33

Metamemory

Answer 33

knowledge of, and ability to think about, our own memories, including both feelings of knowing and judgment of learning

Question 34

Feeling of Knowing (FOK)

Answer 34

ability to predict whether or not we can retrieve a specific piece of information is asked

Question 35

Judgement of Learning (JOL)

Answer 35

a judgment during learning of whether the information has been successfully acquired

Question 36

Confabulation

Answer 36

a behavior in which individuals, when asked to remember past events, respond with highly detailed but false memories associated with some forms of amnesia

unintentional, brain way of trying to come up with some details

Question 37

Korsakoffs Syndrome

Answer 37

Degeneration of the mammillary bodies, caused by
a.) Thiamine deficiency (nutrition deficit or disordered eating)
b.) Alcohol abuse causing deficiency

Both are in the medial temporal lobe

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia
confabulation

Question 38

Wernicke Encephalopathy

Answer 38

Degenerative tissue in that area of the brain
- confusion & loss of mental activity (possibly leading to violent behavior)
- loss of muscle coordination (ataxia)
- affected vision such as abnormal eye movements, double vision, and upper eyelid drooping

Question 39

Frontal cortex and memory

Answer 39

helps determine what information is stored

Question 40

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Answer 40

a phase of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under closed lids

Question 41

Non-REM sleep

Answer 41

category of sleep that includes both light sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 42

Slow-wave sleep

Answer 42

phase of sleep characterized by large, slow oscillations in the brain that are highly synchronized over wide brain areas.
[neurons in the hippocampus and cortex “replay” in the same sequence in which they fired when learning]

Question 43

Transient Global amnesia (TGA)

Answer 43

transient or temporary disruption of memory, typically including elements of both anterograde & retrograde amnesia
[possibly from vigorous amounts of exercise or crazy amounts of stress]

Question 44

Functional amnesia

Answer 44

a sudden retrograde memory loss that seems to result from psychological causes rather than physical causes such as a brain injury, [also called psychogenic amnesia]