Classical Conditioning (Exam 1) Flashcards
How did Pavlov do it?
A form of learning in which an animal acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific upcoming important event
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
a cue that has some biological significance and that, in the absence of prior training, naturally evokes a response.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a cut that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR).
Conditioned Response (CR)
the trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) that the CS predicts.
Appetitive Conditioning
when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a desirable event. (positive, like food or sex)
Aversive Conditioning
Conditioning on which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a disagreeable event (such as shock or puff of air to the eye, negative)
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
a process by which emotion is learned in responses to a stimulus
Mammalian conditioning of Motor reflexes
Clark Hull (mathematical psychologists)
Eye blink conditioning
classical conditioning procedure in which the US is an air puff to the eye and the unconditioned responses are eye blinks.
Rabbit eye blink
A–>tone =neutral, B–>tone (CS)+air puff=eye blink (UR), C–>tone (CS)=eye blink(CR)
Compensatory responses
an automatic response that is opposite to the effect of a substance (experiment: dogs with adrenaline shots showed increased heart rate)
Tolerance
decrease in reaction to a drug such that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect
Homeostasis
the tendency of the body (including the brain) to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium or balance (readily preparing for the negative moment in your environment)
Substance use
conditioned compensatory responses —-> tolerance
event cues leading to the consumption of alcohol
What can be CS or US?
Experimentation unconditioned stimuli are biologically significant events
*Appetitive/Pleasurable = food
*Aversive=shock or puff to the eye
Conditioned stimuli could be any cue on the environment
* stimulus cues are not inherently CS or US, but are defined by their role in the learning situation
Extinction
the process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing the pair that stimulus with another, previously associated stimulus
Compound conditioning
conditioning in which two or more cues are present together, usually simultaneously, forming a compound CS.
Compound stimulus paradigm
Overshadowing
an effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue within a compound requires more association strength than does the less salient cue and is thus more strongly associated with the US.
Example: Loud tone presented with a dim light (the loud tone overshadows the response to the dim light)
Blocking
a two-phase training paradigm in which prior conditioning with one cue (CS1–>CS2) blocks later learning of a second cue when the two are paired together in the second phase of training (CS1+CS2=US)
Prediction error
the difference between what was predicted and what actually occurred.
“I have not failed, I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” Thomas Edison
Error-correction learning
learning through trial and error to reduce the discrepancy (error) between what is predicted and what actually occurs.
Associative weight
in the Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning, a value representing the strength of association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US)
co-occurring cues
Associative weights and compound conditioning
- Two associative weights in compound conditioning = one for tone, one for light
*Before training, weights = 0.0 - After training the weights will be based on how predictive the stimuli is of the US
Is it any different from what the animal expected?
- If so, learning will occur, and the conditioned response will change
- If not, no learning will occur –the conditioned response will stay the same
Latent inhibition
conditioning paradigm in which prior exposure to a CS depresses later learning of the CS-US association during acquisition training
inhibits later learning of the cue due to familiarization
US modulation theory
any of the theories of conditoning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the US is processed.
CS modulation theory
any of the theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processed.
Attentional Explanation of Latent Inhibition
which model accurately predicts latent inhibition from an attentional perspective? LIKELY BOTH
Trial-level models
theory of learning in which all the cues that occur during a trial and all the changes that result are considered a single event
Delay conditioning
conditioning procedure in which there is no temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US and in which the CS co-terminates with the US>
Trace conditioning
a conditioning procedure in which there is a temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US (trace memory)
Interstimulus interval (ISI)
the temporal gap between the onset of the CS and the onset of the US
Conditioned taste aversion
a conditioning preparation in which a subject learns to avoid a taste that has been paired with an aversive outcome usually nausea.
Taste is a more effective stimulus for learning to predict illness BUT audio cue is more effective for learning to predict shock
Dual-coding theory
having both visual-based encoding enhances the number of routes for retrieval, enhancing memory success.
Cerebellum
brain region that lies below the cerebral cortex in the back of the head, It is responsible for the regulation and coordination of complex voluntary muscular movement, including classical conditioning of motor-reflex responses.
Purkinje cells
type of large, drop-shaped and densely branching neuron in the cerebral cortex
Interpositus nucleus
one of the cerebellar deep nuclei from which the unconditioned response output is generated in classically conditioned motor responses
Inferior Olive
located in the brainstem, a nucleus of cells that conveys information about aversive stimuli, such as an air puff US, up to both the interpositus nucleus and cerebellar cortex
Mossy fibers
axons of dentate granule cells
Longterm depression
decrease in the CS-US pairing
Impaired conditioning in Humans
Patients with cerebellar damage = deficits in acquiring eye blink conditioning
1. slower to learn CR
2. low overall frequency and abnormal timing of CR
3. surgery that spares the deep nuclei can acquire a little conditioning
4. patients with extensive damage do not impair all forms of associative learning
*Cellbellar patients perform within typical range for learning of verbal associations (e.g. matching names with faces) due to other areas of the brain being involved
Chronic Illnesses Case Studies
- Chemo drug is taken orally = bad side effects but required for long-term treatment
- Cod liver and roses daily with chemo medication once a month = smelled like cod liver but tasted like roses
- several years of treatment = remission
