Classical Conditioning (Exam 1)

Question 1

How did Pavlov do it?

Answer 1

A form of learning in which an animal acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific upcoming important event

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 2

a cue that has some biological significance and that, in the absence of prior training, naturally evokes a response.

Question 3

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 3

the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

a cut that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Question 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

the trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) that the CS predicts.

Question 6

Appetitive Conditioning

Answer 6

when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a desirable event. (positive, like food or sex)

Question 7

Aversive Conditioning

Answer 7

Conditioning on which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a disagreeable event (such as shock or puff of air to the eye, negative)

Question 8

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

Answer 8

a process by which emotion is learned in responses to a stimulus

Question 9

Mammalian conditioning of Motor reflexes

Answer 9

Clark Hull (mathematical psychologists)

Question 10

Eye blink conditioning

Answer 10

classical conditioning procedure in which the US is an air puff to the eye and the unconditioned responses are eye blinks.

Question 11

Rabbit eye blink

Answer 11

A–>tone =neutral, B–>tone (CS)+air puff=eye blink (UR), C–>tone (CS)=eye blink(CR)

Question 12

Compensatory responses

Answer 12

an automatic response that is opposite to the effect of a substance (experiment: dogs with adrenaline shots showed increased heart rate)

Question 13

Tolerance

Answer 13

decrease in reaction to a drug such that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect

Question 14

Homeostasis

Answer 14

the tendency of the body (including the brain) to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium or balance (readily preparing for the negative moment in your environment)

Question 15

Substance use

Answer 15

conditioned compensatory responses —-> tolerance
event cues leading to the consumption of alcohol

Question 16

What can be CS or US?

Answer 16

Experimentation unconditioned stimuli are biologically significant events

*Appetitive/Pleasurable = food
*Aversive=shock or puff to the eye

Conditioned stimuli could be any cue on the environment
* stimulus cues are not inherently CS or US, but are defined by their role in the learning situation

Question 17

Extinction

Answer 17

the process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing the pair that stimulus with another, previously associated stimulus

Question 18

Compound conditioning

Answer 18

conditioning in which two or more cues are present together, usually simultaneously, forming a compound CS.

Compound stimulus paradigm

Question 19

Overshadowing

Answer 19

an effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue within a compound requires more association strength than does the less salient cue and is thus more strongly associated with the US.

Example: Loud tone presented with a dim light (the loud tone overshadows the response to the dim light)

Question 20

Blocking

Answer 20

a two-phase training paradigm in which prior conditioning with one cue (CS1–>CS2) blocks later learning of a second cue when the two are paired together in the second phase of training (CS1+CS2=US)

Question 21

Prediction error

Answer 21

the difference between what was predicted and what actually occurred.

“I have not failed, I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.” Thomas Edison

Question 22

Error-correction learning

Answer 22

learning through trial and error to reduce the discrepancy (error) between what is predicted and what actually occurs.

Question 23

Associative weight

Answer 23

in the Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning, a value representing the strength of association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US)
co-occurring cues

Question 24

Associative weights and compound conditioning

Answer 24

• Two associative weights in compound conditioning = one for tone, one for light
  *Before training, weights = 0.0
• After training the weights will be based on how predictive the stimuli is of the US

Question 25

Is it any different from what the animal expected?

Answer 25

• If so, learning will occur, and the conditioned response will change
• If not, no learning will occur –the conditioned response will stay the same

Question 26

Latent inhibition

Answer 26

conditioning paradigm in which prior exposure to a CS depresses later learning of the CS-US association during acquisition training

inhibits later learning of the cue due to familiarization

Question 27

US modulation theory

Answer 27

any of the theories of conditoning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the US is processed.

Question 28

CS modulation theory

Answer 28

any of the theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processed.

Question 29

Attentional Explanation of Latent Inhibition

Answer 29

which model accurately predicts latent inhibition from an attentional perspective? LIKELY BOTH

Question 30

Trial-level models

Answer 30

theory of learning in which all the cues that occur during a trial and all the changes that result are considered a single event

Question 31

Delay conditioning

Answer 31

conditioning procedure in which there is no temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US and in which the CS co-terminates with the US>

Question 32

Trace conditioning

Answer 32

a conditioning procedure in which there is a temporal gap between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US (trace memory)

Question 33

Interstimulus interval (ISI)

Answer 33

the temporal gap between the onset of the CS and the onset of the US

Question 34

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 34

a conditioning preparation in which a subject learns to avoid a taste that has been paired with an aversive outcome usually nausea.

Taste is a more effective stimulus for learning to predict illness BUT audio cue is more effective for learning to predict shock

Question 35

Dual-coding theory

Answer 35

having both visual-based encoding enhances the number of routes for retrieval, enhancing memory success.

Question 36

Cerebellum

Answer 36

brain region that lies below the cerebral cortex in the back of the head, It is responsible for the regulation and coordination of complex voluntary muscular movement, including classical conditioning of motor-reflex responses.

Question 37

Purkinje cells

Answer 37

type of large, drop-shaped and densely branching neuron in the cerebral cortex

Question 38

Interpositus nucleus

Answer 38

one of the cerebellar deep nuclei from which the unconditioned response output is generated in classically conditioned motor responses

Question 39

Inferior Olive

Answer 39

located in the brainstem, a nucleus of cells that conveys information about aversive stimuli, such as an air puff US, up to both the interpositus nucleus and cerebellar cortex

Question 40

Mossy fibers

Answer 40

axons of dentate granule cells

Question 41

Longterm depression

Answer 41

decrease in the CS-US pairing

Question 42

Impaired conditioning in Humans

Answer 42

Patients with cerebellar damage = deficits in acquiring eye blink conditioning
1. slower to learn CR
2. low overall frequency and abnormal timing of CR
3. surgery that spares the deep nuclei can acquire a little conditioning
4. patients with extensive damage do not impair all forms of associative learning
*Cellbellar patients perform within typical range for learning of verbal associations (e.g. matching names with faces) due to other areas of the brain being involved

Question 43

Chronic Illnesses Case Studies

Answer 43

• Chemo drug is taken orally = bad side effects but required for long-term treatment
• Cod liver and roses daily with chemo medication once a month = smelled like cod liver but tasted like roses
• several years of treatment = remission