Generalization (Exam 2)

Question 1

Hasty Generalization

Answer 1

fallacy with which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence

Question 2

When similar stimuli = similar outcome

Answer 2

Fireworks = scary —–> any loud sound = sound like fireworks

Question 3

Generalization

Answer 3

transfer of past learning to new situations and problems

Question 4

Same Outcome

Answer 4

1.) Similar stimuli —–> same outcome
EX: Broccoli & cauliflower = NASTY

2.) Dissimilar stimuli —–> same outcome
EX: Brocolli and red bell peppers = NASTY

Question 5

Different Outcomes

Answer 5

1.) Similar stimuli ——> different outcomes
EX: Brocolli = NASTY / Cauliflower = YUMMY

2.) Dissimilar stimuli ——> different outcomes
EX: Brocolli = Nasty / Red bell peppers = YUMMY

Question 6

Discrimination learning

Answer 6

when similar stimuli predict similar outcomes

Question 7

Consequential region

Answer 7

set of stimuli in the world that share the same consequences as a stimulus whose consequences is already known.
(Shephard, 1987) Expect gold to be everywhere, even though the probability isn’t so.

Question 8

Stimulus representation

Answer 8

form in which information about stimuli is encoded within a model of the brain

Question 9

Discrete-component representation

Answer 9

a representation in which each individual stimulus (or stimulus feature) corresponds to one element (node) in the model. [weight association]

Question 10

Distributed representation

Answer 10

representation in which information is coded as a pattern of activation distributed across many different nodes

Question 11

Stimulus control

Answer 11

the influence of cues in the world on an organism’s behavior

Question 12

Error Less Discrimination Learning (EDL)

Answer 12

training procedure in which difficult discrimination is learned by starting with an easy version of the task and proceeding to incrementally harder versions as the easier versions are mastered.

Training wheels ——> Two wheels bicycle
Could be used in schools, especially with children with special needs

Question 13

Sensory Conditioning

Answer 13

training in which the presentation of two stimuli together as a compound results in a later tendency to generalize what is known about one of these stimuli to the other

“Where there is smoke, there is fire”

Shared features of color: similar wavelengths or like the color purple being a combination of red or blue

Question 14

Negative Patterning

Answer 14

A behavioral paradigm in which the appropriate response to individual cues is positive, whereas the appropriate response to their combination (pattern) is negative, aka “no response”

Question 15

Concepts

Answer 15

internal psychological representation of a real or abstract entity

Question 16

category

Answer 16

a division or class of entities in the world

Question 17

Concept Formation (Common Features)

Answer 17

Whole Picture:

Organize
Describe
Generalize

Question 18

Prototype

Answer 18

Central tendency or idealized version of a category
[externally based]

Question 19

Inductive inference

Answer 19

logical inference that is probably (but not necessarily) true and is usually based on attempts to draw a general rule from one to more specific instances or premises.

[stereotypes]

Question 20

Stereotypes

Answer 20

Set of beliefs about the attributes of the members of a group
[psychological concept]

Question 21

Confirmation Bias

Answer 21

tendency to ignore information that conflicts with a prior belief and to focus on information that is inconsistent with that belief.

Question 22

Psychological discrimination

Answer 22

refers to telling apart two or more stimuli and generating different responses.

Question 23

Social context discrimination

Answer 23

unfair differential treatment of individuals based on the group to which they are perceived to belong

Question 24

Problems with stereotypes

Answer 24

1. When people use generalizations that are not based on true or appropriate statistics [facts]
2. When people use statistically valid generalizations to justify discrimination against individuals, denying the possibility that the generalization may not pertain to everyone in the group [justify]

Question 25

Nucleus Basalis

Answer 25

small group of neurons located in the basal forebrain; these neurons deliver acetylcholine to the cortex, enabling cortical plasticity

Question 26

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Answer 26

a neuromodulator that strongly influences hippocampal function

Question 27

Effects of Damage to the Hippocampus

Answer 27

Rabbits did not learn compound stimuli

hippocampus legion is very important for stimulus generalization

Question 28

Generalizations in Schizophrenia

Answer 28

1. Folks with schizophrenia show deficits in generalization, consistent with impaired hippocampal functioning.
2. Imaging studies show that impaired hippocampal activity during learning is likely to impact the ability to demonstrate acquired equivalence in those who experience schizophrenia

Question 29

Autism symptoms

Answer 29

difficulties with social and communication abilities, and motor abnormalities, causing social/functional impairment.
[Lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder]

Question 30

“Go” and “No go”

Answer 30

Stimulus over selectivity

Question 31

Children with autism often exhibit abnormal generalization patterns

Answer 31

Hyperfocusing on just one feature and tuning out all other features of the stimulus