Emotional & Social (Exam 2) Flashcards
Emotion
a cluster of three distinct but interrelated sets of phenomena-physiological responses, overt behaviors, and conscious feelings -produced in response to an affecting situation.
Fear response
cluster of physiological changes, overt behaviors, and conscious reactions that accompany the emotion of fear
arousal/flight or fight
a collection of bodily responses that prepare the body to face a threat
The pituitary Gland in the Hypothalamus and adrenal glands in the kidney release hormones
Brain —————–> signals adrenal glands
Eyes ——————> pupils dilate
Lungs —————-> fast breathing
Heart —————–> acceleration
Muscles ————–> tense
Adrenal glands —-> produce hormones
Liver ——————-> converts glycogen to glucose
Stomach ————-> slow digestion
Bladder ————–> relaxation
Hair Shaft ———–> becomes erect
James-Lange Theory
Emotional Stimulus —-> Bodily Responses (Physiological responses & overt behaviors) ——-> conscious emotional feelings
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotional Stimulus —–> Bodily Responses (Physiological responses & overt behaviors) OR Conscious emotional feelings
Schachter-Singer (Two-factor) Theory
Emotional Stimulus —–> Bodily Responses (Physiological responses & overt behaviors) OR Cognitive Appraisal –>
Conscious emotional feelings
Learned Helplessness
a phenomenon in which exposure to an uncontrollable punisher teaches an expectation that responses are ineffectual, which in turn reduces the motivation to attempt new avoidance responses
Mood congruency of memory
principle that is easiest to retrieve memories that match our current mood or emotional state
Flashbulb memory
a memory formed under conditions of extreme emotions that seem especially vivid and long-lasting
Limbic System includes
Frontal Cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cortical and subcortical regions
Hypothalamus
Regulates bodily responses to emotions
Thalamus
Sensory relay
Hippocampus
Vital for episodic memory formation
Amygdala
collection of brain nuclei that lies at the anterior tip of each hippocampus, critical for learning and expressing emotional responses as well as mediating the emotional modulation of memory formation
[Almond in Greek]
Blood-brain barrier
membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system, including the brain
norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter that is chemically related to epinephrine but that (unlike epinephrine) can cross the blood-brain barrier and affect brain function
Phobia
excessive and irrational fear of an object, a place, or a situation. It can include claustrophobia, acrophobia, arachnophobia, and agoraphobia.
Systematic desensitization
therapy for phobias in which successive approximations of the fear-evoking stimulus are presented while the patient learns to remain relaxed; eventually, even the presentation of the stimulus itself does not elicit fear.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A psychological syndrome that can develop after exposure to a traumatic event (e.g., combat, rape, natural disaster); symptoms include re-experiencing the event (through intrusive recollection, flashbacks, or nightmares), avoidance of reminders of the trauma, emotional numbing, and heightened anxiety.
Social Learning - briefly
Perspective taking
Emotion contagion
Observational conditioning
Mirror neurons
Autism spectrum disorder
True imitation
copying that involves reproducing motor acts
Emulation
copying that involves replicating an outcome without replicating specific motor acts
Two-action sets
a technique developed to investigate imitation abilities
Perspective taking
imaging oneself in the place of another
[View of oneself + View of others = Meta Perspectives]
Emotional contagion
inborn tendency to react emotionally to visual or acoustic stimuli that indicate an emotional response by other members of one’s species, typically in ways that replicate the observed response
Observational conditioning
process in which an individual learns an emotional response after observing similar responses in others
Mirror neurons
a neuron that responds during the performance of an action and also during the observations of that action
[observation —–> imitation ——> intent]
Autism spectrum disorder
a developmental disorder associated with deficits in social interactions and social learning.
Gestational age
time since conception
Elicited imitation
a technique for assessing memory in infants by observing the ability to mimic actions they have seen earlier
Sensitive period
a time window, usually early in life, during which a certain kind of learning occurs most easily and is most effective
imprinting
young animals of some species tend to form an attachment to the first individual they see after birth.
Sensitive Period for Language Learning
-Language (approx 25 - 40) speech sounds (phonemes)
-Adults lose the ability to distinguish between speech sounds outside of their native language
-infants younger than 6 - 8 months distinguish between all sounds
Puberty
the process of physical changes during which the body transitions to sexual maturity, usually beginning around the age of 10 -12 in humans
Adolescence
the transitional stage between puberty and adulthood, which corresponds roughly to the teenage years in humans (ages 13 -19)
Working memory
one that is last to mature and one of the first to show deficits
“Old memory = Better than new learning”
Neurogenesis
creation of new neurons in the brain
Apoptosis
natural cell death as opposed to cell death caused by accident or disease
Synaptogenesis
creation of new synapses
Spines
tiny protrusion on a dendrite where synapses may form
Adult neurogenesis
the ability to produce functional neurons throughout the lifespan
Down syndrome
a congenital disorder that causes mild to moderate intellectual disability and is usually due to trisomy 21 (chromosomal abnormality)
Trisomy 21
a condition in which an embryo inherits three (rather than two) copies of chromosome 21, resulting in Down Syndrome.
Dementia
progressive cognitive decline, usually due to accumulating brain pathology
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
a form of dementia due to accumulating brain pathology (specifically amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles)
Amyloid plaque
a deposit of beta-amyloid protein; these deposits accumulate in the brains of patients with AD
Neurofibrillary tangles
an aggregation of collapsed remains of the tau proteins that normally hold a neuron in place and help transport nutrients around the cell; such tangles occur in the brains of individuals with AD
Cognitive reserve
brains ability to improvise and find alternate ways of completing tasks
Enriched environments
environments which are changing and stimulating
- healthy diet
- regular low-level exercise
- varied mental exercises
- social stimulation
