H4

Question 1

what is sediment

Answer 1

• minerals (pieces of stone)
• fossils (imprints of shells or dead organic material)
• or a mix of minerals and fossils

Question 2

types of sediments based on origin (5)

Answer 2

1. terrigenous
2. biogenic
3. hydrogenous
4. volcanogenic
5. cosmogenous

Question 3

examples of terrigenous sediment

Answer 3

sand and clay

Question 4

examples of biogenous sediment

Answer 4

chalk and silicious mud (kiezelhoudend modder)

Question 5

types of sediments based on grain size (4)

Answer 5

1. gravel (grind/kiezel)
2. sand
3. silt (slik)
4. clay (klei)

Question 6

pebble grain size

Answer 6

4-64 mm

Question 7

granules grain size

Answer 7

2-4 mm

Question 8

coarse sand grain size

Answer 8

0.5-2 mm

Question 9

medium sand grain size

Answer 9

0.25-0.5 mm

Question 10

fine sand grain size

Answer 10

0.06-0.25 mm

Question 11

silt grain size

Answer 11

0.004-0.06 mm

Question 12

clay grain size

Answer 12

less than 0.004 mm

Question 13

which two factors influence sedimentation?

Answer 13

1. grain size

2. turbulence/ energy in the system/environment

Question 14

what happens in an environment with a lot of energy?

Answer 14

the water is turbulent and the smallest sediment grains are returned to the water column. grain size is relatively large

Question 15

where do the smallest grains often land?

Answer 15

in a calmer environment, which is often deeper

Question 16

where do clay-sized particles often land

Answer 16

furthest from shore in calm waters

Question 17

what happens in an environment with low energy?

Answer 17

grain size is relatively small

Question 18

erosion

Answer 18

the process disintegration of sediment by chemical or mechanical processes

Question 19

deposition

Answer 19

the process of placing, or deposition of sediment

Question 20

Hjulstrom’s diagram

Answer 20

A diagram showing the relationship in a channel between particle size and the mean fluid velocity required for entrainment. It shows that an entrained particle can be transported in suspension at a lower velocity than that required to lift the particle initially. When the stream velocity slows to a critical speed, the particle is deposited. Note that higher velocities are needed for the entrainment of clay-sized particles because of the electrostatic forces which bind them together.

Question 21

what happens to sediment at 1000cm/sec speed?

Answer 21

all types of sediment are eroded

Question 22

what happens to sediment at 100cm/sec speed?

Answer 22

• clay is transported
• silt and sand are eroded
• larger blocks are deposited

Question 23

what happens to sediment at 1cm/sec speed?

Answer 23

no further erosion, but transport and deposition occurs

Question 24

how do you collect sedimentation?

Answer 24

1. bottom dredge
2. corer (steekbuis)
3. grab sampler (grijper

Question 25

what type of process of sedimentation takes place at the continental plates?

Answer 25

close to terrigenous sources

Question 26

what type of process of sedimentation takes place at the deep sea?

Answer 26

far from terrigenous sources and under the CCD

Question 27

Carbonate compensation Depth (CCD)

Answer 27

Depth at which the feed rate and the rate of dissolution of calcium carbonate are equal. dependent on pressure, temperature and CO2

Question 28

what type of process of sedimentation takes place at the mid ocean ridges

Answer 28

forming of new crust shifts sediment

Question 29

sedimentation distribution: tropics

Answer 29

a lot of biogenous

Question 30

sedimentation distribution: rivers in mixed zones

Answer 30

a lot of terrigenous

Question 31

sedimentation distribution: poles

Answer 31

ice transports sediment...glacial till and ice-rafted sediment

Question 32

sedimentation distribution: 1,000 years

Answer 32

influence from waves, current and tides

Question 33

sedimentation distribution: 1,000,000 years

Answer 33

sea level increasing and decreasing (ice ages)

Question 34

sedimentation distribution: 100,000,000 years

Answer 34

plate tectonics

Question 35

formation of limescale (kalkplaten) in places with:

Answer 35

1. little supply of terrigenous sediment from rivers | 2. relatively high water temps. (tropics and subtropics)

Question 36

limescale (kalkplaten)

Answer 36

carbonate, CaCO3

Question 37

sedimentation in the deep sea: species present (5)

Answer 37

1. foraminifera 2. coccolithophores 3. diatoms 4. pteropod 5. radiolaria

Question 38

what does deep sea sediment mostly consist of?

Answer 38

red clay (pelagic clay) and biogenic sediment and biogenous ooze

Question 39

carbonate forming species in the deep sea

Answer 39

1. foraminifera 2. pteropoda 3. coccolithofores

Question 40

silicate forming species in the deep sea

Answer 40

1. radiolaria | 2. diatomes

Question 41

sediment distribution: high latitudes

Answer 41

glacial marine sediment

Question 42

sediment distribution: deep water

Answer 42

pelagic clay far from land masses

Question 43

sediment distribution: above CCD (high production)

Answer 43

chalk rich oozes

Question 44

sediment distribution: below CCD (high production)

Answer 44

silicate rich oozes

Question 45

what is clay made of

Answer 45

kaolinite and chlorite (ratio)

Question 46

stratigraphy

Answer 46

science that deals with the study of rock layers

Question 47

stratification in the atlantic

Answer 47

two types of sediement (two layer cake)

Question 48

stratification in the pacific

Answer 48

four types of sediment (four layer cake)

Question 49

what is the two types of sediment layers in the atlantic?

Answer 49

1. pelagic clay | 2. biogenic foram ooze

Question 50

why does the pacific have more layers of sediment?

Answer 50

1. by crossing with the equator where the CCD is lower | 2. subduction zones with volcanic activity