H3

Question 1

age of east african valley

Answer 1

5,3 mil yrs old

Question 2

age of red sea

Answer 2

25-30 mil yrs old

Question 3

age of atlantic ocean

Answer 3

50 mil yrs old

Question 4

age of stille oceaan (pacific)

Answer 4

55 mil yrs old

Question 5

age of the mediterranean sea

Answer 5

180 mil yrs old

Question 6

age of the himalayas

Answer 6

225 mil yrs old

Question 7

alfred wegener

Answer 7

german meteorologist who developed the hypothesis of Continental Drift (verschuiving) in 1915.

Question 8

Continental Drift hypothesis

Answer 8

“once (>200 million years ago), there was one large landmass (pangea) that slowly fragmented into our current landmassa’s”

Question 9

how did pangea drift apart?

Answer 9

1. the granite continental crust “plowed” through the basalt ocean substrate according to Wegener
2. new basalt flowed into the opening and formed the atlantic ocean

Question 10

is wegener’s hypothesis on how pangea fell apart possible?

Answer 10

he supported his hypothesis with facts, but indirect proof is difficult to measure. There is still no explanation for driving force yet. Despite Wegener’s evidence, it took until about 1950 before the theory was accepted and extended

Question 11

the moving ocean floor: mid-ocean ridges

Answer 11

here you can find seafloor spreading

Question 12

seafloor spreading

Answer 12

plates in the lithosphere move away from each other and between the plates, new lithosphere is formed.

Question 13

what do the structures of mid-ocean ridges show?

Answer 13

1. there is tension
2. along the axis there are fractures (breuken –> normal faults)
3. laterally there are disturbances (verstoringen –> transform faults)

Question 14

normal fault

Answer 14

a normal fault, also called shear (afschuiving), is vertical and is caused by stress in the opposite direction. This happens with divergent motion.

Question 15

reverse fault

Answer 15

a reverse fault, also called a shift (opschuiving), is vertical and is caused by compression. This happens with convergent motion.

Question 16

strike-slip fault

Answer 16

Strike-slip fault, also called transcurrent fault (horizontaal- verschuiving), wrench fault, or lateral fault, in geology, a fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust in which the rock masses slip past one another parallel to the strike, the intersection of a rock surface with the surface or another horizontal plane.

Question 17

subduction zones

Answer 17

where destruction of sea floor occurs.

Question 18

subduction

Answer 18

Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth’s mantle at convergent boundaries. Where the oceanic lithosphere of a tectonic plate converges with the less dense lithosphere of a second plate, the heavier plate dives beneath the second plate and sinks into the mantle

Question 19

how is the pacific ocean changing in size

Answer 19

decreases in size

Question 20

how is the atlantic ocean changing in size

Answer 20

increasing in size

Question 21

proof of sea-floor spreading?

Answer 21

1. sediment
2. age
3. magnetism

Question 22

magnetic bands

Answer 22

at mid-ocean ridges, magnetic anomalies (afwijkingen) were observed. As a result of measuring them, a pattern became visible in which alternating strong and weak magnetic bands were observed parallel to the ridge

Question 23

geomagnetism

Answer 23

the Earth’s magnetic field produced by the flow of iron-rich material in the core.

Question 24

paleomagnetism

Answer 24

fissile magnetism in rocks. When the direction of the minerals corresponds to the current geomagnetism, we measure a stronger magnetic field and vice versa

Question 25

what does the ocean floor primarily consist of?

Answer 25

basalt with minerals rich in iron. these minerals aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field to form volcanic basalts as lava sprang up and crystallised.

Question 26

what are the direction of the minerals called?

Answer 26

1. normal polarity

2. reverse polarity

Question 27

where are the alternating magnetic fields observable?

Answer 27

by mid-ocean ridges

Question 28

rate of seafloor spreading equation

Answer 28

A = distance of a from the crest

A/time of polarity change at A

Question 29

Material from the mantle to the surface location

Answer 29

It is not only in mid-ocean ridges that material comes from the mantle to the surface. Think of volcanoes (both above and underwater). also gives an indication as to the speed of the lithospheric plate

Question 30

island chains

Answer 30

can arise from the movement of a plate over a stationary mantle plume.

Question 31

does a mantel plume move or is it always stationary?

Answer 31

both

Question 32

wilson cycle

Answer 32

shows the steps in the development of an ocean basin

Question 33

Plate tectonic

Answer 33

1950. continental drift theory expanded upon. Proof for plate tectonics is:
      a. seafloor spreading (driven by the hot core of the earth)
      b. geomagnetism

Question 34

embryonic stage of wilson cycle (motion, physiography, example)

Answer 34

embryonaal stadium

motion = uplift

physiography = complex system of linear rift valleys on continent

example = east african rift valleys

Question 35

juvenile stage of wilson cycle (motion, physiography, example)

Answer 35

juveniel stadium

motion = divergence (spreading)

physiography = narrow seas with matching coasts

example = red sea

Question 36

mature stage of wilson cycle (motion, physiography, example)

Answer 36

volwassen stadium

motion = divergence (spreading)

physiography = ocean basin with continental margins

example = atlantic, indian, arctic oceans

Question 37

declining stage of wilson cycle (motion, physiography, example)

Answer 37

afnemend stadium

motion = convergence (subduction)

physiography = island arcs and trenches around basin edge

example = pacific ocean

Question 38

terminal stage of wilson cycle (motion, physiography, example)

Answer 38

eindstadium

motion = convergence (collision and uplift)

physiography = narrow, irregular seas with young mts

example = mediterranean sea

Question 39

suturing stage of wilson cycle (motion, physiography, example)

Answer 39

opvullend

motion = convergence and uplift

physiography = young to mature mountain belts

example = himalayas