Ecology- Rainforest of the sea

Question 1

coral reefs

Answer 1

they are ecosystem engineers (bio-builders) that are built up over thousands of years. They are complex structures that have a thin, living layer on the outside.

Question 2

hermatypic

Answer 2

with zooxanthellae

Question 3

ahermatypic

Answer 3

without zooxanthellae

Question 4

zooxanthellae

Answer 4

dinoflagellaten

Question 5

limestone

Answer 5

dead coral rubble

Question 6

what is above the coral reef face?

Answer 6

the buttress zone

Question 7

what is the limitations to the upper boundary of coral reefs?

Answer 7

water

Question 8

what is the limitations to the lower boundary of coral reefs?

Answer 8

light

Question 9

evolutionally 3 phases

Answer 9

1. fringing reef
2. barrier reef
3. atoll

Question 10

what affects distribution on a large-scale?

Answer 10

1. temp
2. turbidity
3. substrate

Question 11

what affects distribution on a smaller-scale?

Answer 11

1. depth and tide
2. substrate
3. light
4. salinity and other physical variables

Question 12

ecosystem services of coral reefs:

Answer 12

1. food
2. coastal protection
3. recreation
4. possibly new medicine

Question 13

how much value do coral reefs have per year?

Answer 13

$375 miljard (billion)/jaar

Question 14

How much of all marine species occupy coral reef systems?

Answer 14

25% (0,2% of the sea)

Question 15

which has a higher level of biodiversity? a) tropical rainforest or b) coral reefs?

Answer 15

b) coral reefs

Question 16

how much is 1 cubic foot equal to in cubic meters?

Answer 16

1 cubic foot = 0,028 cubic meter

Question 17

Nutrient concentration of coral reefs?

Answer 17

extremely low

Question 18

nitrogen concentration of coral reefs?

Answer 18

0,6 µmol/L

Question 19

north sea in comparison to the nutrient concentrations of coral reefs

Answer 19

high by a factor of 10-100

Question 20

are coral reefs eutrophic or oligotrophic?

Answer 20

oligotrophic

Question 21

fytoplankton production on coral reefs

Answer 21

relatively low

Question 22

oligotrophic

Answer 22

food poor

Question 23

eutrophic

Answer 23

food rich

Question 24

eutrophication

Answer 24

increase of nutrients

Question 25

recyclers of nutrients

Answer 25

1. coral polyps (provides the zooxanthellae with co2 and nutrients) 2. zooxanthellae (algae) (provides the corals with o2 and sugars) 3. up to 60% of the photosynthate (resulting substance of photosynthesis) from the zooxanthellae goes to the corals

Question 26

symbiosis: mutualism

Answer 26

symbiosis which is beneficial to both organisms involved.

Question 27

symbiosis definition

Answer 27

Symbiosis is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, must be of different species.

Question 28

symbiosis: parasitism

Answer 28

the practice of living as a parasite on or with another animal or organism.

Question 29

symbiosis: commesalism

Answer 29

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm

Question 30

examples of tertiary consumers

Answer 30

eels, octopuses, barracuda

Question 31

examples of secondary consumers

Answer 31

sea urchins, sea anemones, crustaceans, seastars, snails, parrot fishes, butterfly fishes, porcupine fishes

Question 32

examples of primary consumers

Answer 32

corals, clams, sea urchins, crustaceans, brittle stars, snails, grazing fishes

Question 33

examples of primary producers

Answer 33

zooxanthellae, calcareous algae, algal mats, phytoplankton, microscopic epiphytes

Question 34

5 groups of organisms on the reef

Answer 34

1. stony corals 2. soft corals 3. sponges 4. chalk algae (kalkalgen) 5. macro algae