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Block 6 > H&N Embryology > Flashcards

H&N Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Which germ layer does the pharynx develop from?

A

endoderm

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2
Q

Which layers does the pharyngeal arches develop from?

A

mesoderm and neural crest

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3
Q

What layer does the pharyngeal groove develop from?

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

What are the four components of the pharyngeal arches?

A

arch cartilage, arch cranial nerve, arch artery, skeletal muscle

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5
Q

Muscles of mastication develop from which arch?

A

1-mandibular

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6
Q

Muscles of facial expression develop from which arch?

A

2-hyoid

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7
Q

The stylopharyngeus muscle develops from which arch?

A

3rd

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8
Q

The laryngeal muscles and striated muscles of esophagus are derived from which arch?

A

6th

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9
Q

The soft palate muscles and pharyngeal muscles are derived from which arch?

A

4th

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10
Q

What are the nerves that innervate each pharyngeal arch?

A 
1-mandibular nerve
2-facial nerve
3-glossopharyngeal nerve
4-superior laryngeal br. of vagus
6-recurrent laryngeal br. of vagus
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11
Q

The seven muscles of the ___ innervated by CN III, IV, and VI and the muscles of the tongue (XII) develop from ___ of ___ ___ somites

A

orbit; mesoderm; upper occipital

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12
Q

What causes first arch syndrome?

A

faulty migration of neural crest cells

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13
Q

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

A

first arch syndrome, presents with mandibular hypoplasia, zygomatic hypoplasia, down-slated palpebral fissures and malformed ears

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14
Q

What is Robins sequence?

A

triad: poor mandibular growth, cleft palate, and a posteriorly placed tongue

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15
Q

What layer are the pharyngeal pouches derived from?

A

endoderm

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16
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the first pharyngeal pouch?

A

epithelial lining of auditory tube, middle ear cavity

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17
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the second pharyngeal pouch?

A

epithelial lining of crypts and palatine tonsil

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18
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the third pharyngeal pouch?

A

inferior parathyroid gland and thymus

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19
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the fourth pharyngeal pouch?

A

superior parathyroid gland and ultimobranchial body

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20
Q

Neural crest cells migrate into the ___ to form ___ cells of the thyroid

A

ultimobranchial body; parafollicular

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21
Q

What causes DiGeorge syndrome?

A

failure of pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 to differentiate due to failure of migration of neural crest cells

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22
Q

What four features does DiGeorge syndrome result in and what are the outward signs of these?

A
  1. thymic hypoplasia–immune deficiency
  2. absence of C cells–calcium metabolism defect
  3. cardiovascular defects–PTA and TOF
  4. facial defects–shortened philtrum, low set ears
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23
Q

What is a pharyngeal cleft/groove?

A

an ectodermal derivative; clefts are themselves lined by ectoderm

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24
Q

What does the thyroid gland develop from?

A

endoderm thickening in midline floor of oral cavity (foramen cecum)

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25
Q

The migratory path of the thyroid gland includes traveling anteriorly or posteriorly to the hyoid bone?

A

anteriorly

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26
Q

What is the thyroglossal duct?

A

the path that the thyroid gland takes on its way down to the thyroid cartilage; susceptible to cysts

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27
Q

What regions of the mucosa covering the tongue develop from which arch?

A

anterior 2/3 from arch 1 & 2

posterior 1/3 from arch 3

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28
Q

What are the five facial prominences and which pharyngeal arch do they develop from?

A

first arch; gives rise to 1 frontonasal prominence, 2 maxillary prominences, 2 mandibular prominences

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29
Q

The upper lip is formed by which two structures?

A

medial nasal process and maxillary prominence

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30
Q

What does the mandibular prominence give rise to?

A

lower jaw and lip

31
Q

What does the frontonasal prominence give rise to?

A

forehead and cranium, bridge of nose

32
Q

What does the medial nasal prominence give rise to?

A

philtrum of upper lip, tip of nose and intermaxillary process

33
Q

What does the lateral nasal prominence give rise to?

A

Ala of nose

34
Q

What does the maxillary prominence give rise to?

A

central face, lower eyelid, and lateral upper lip

35
Q

What causes a cleft lip?

A

when the maxillary prominence fails to fuse with the medial nasal prominence

36
Q

What do the occipital somites gives rise to?

A

skeletal muscles of tongue and orbit

37
Q

What are the 2 sources of mesoderm in the head?

A

pharyngeal arches and occipital somites

38
Q

If a newborn is found to have a facial bone defect, which germ layer cells would be suspected?

A

neural crest

39
Q

What are the 3 categories of skeletal muscles innervated by the vagus nerve?

A
  1. vocalization-vocal folds
  2. swallowing-5/6 pharyngeal m
  3. uvula-say ahh, moves symmetrically
40
Q

Which somites are the muscles of the orbit derived from, and which nerves innervate them?

A

upper occipital somites; CN 3, 4, 6

41
Q

Which pharyngeal pouches migrate?

A

3 and 4

42
Q

The ear is derived from which pharyngeal cleft?

A

1st

43
Q

Which pharyngeal cleft covers the others to create a smooth neck?

A

2nd

44
Q

How are cervical/branchial cysts formed?

A

the 2nd groove fails to close completely and leaves a fluid-filled space

45
Q

Does thyroid develop from endoderm of a pharyngeal pouch or midline thickening?

A

midline thickening: foramen cecum

46
Q

What is ectopic thyroid gland?

A

piece of thyroid gland or thyroglossal cyst left in the thyroglossal duct from migration

47
Q

Describe innervation of the tongue.

A

GSA=nerve V

SA=nerve 7 (ant 2/3) and nerve 9 (post 1/3)

48
Q

The jaw and lower lip are from which facial prominence?

A

mandibular

49
Q

The top of the cranium and face is formed from which facial prominence?

A

frontonasal

50
Q

Which facial prominences fuse?

A

maxillary and medial nasal–>upper lip; as well as the lateral nasal prominence fuses with maxillary –> ala of nose

51
Q

The hard palate forms from what 2 sources?

A

intermaxillary segment

palatine shelves

52
Q

The tissues that form the hard palate are the same tissues that form ___.

A

the upper lip

53
Q

What is the cause of cleft palate?

A

failure of 2 secondary palates to fuse together, or failure of one of the secondary palates to fuse with the primary palate

54
Q

What are the two sources of mesoderm in the head region?

A

Mesoderm of the pharyngeal arches.

Occipital somites.

55
Q

What are the two skeletal muscle groups that are not derived from the pharyngeal arch mesoderm in the head?

A

Tongue
Seven muscles in the orbital space

These are derived from the occipital somites

56
Q

List the muscle(s) of the 1st pharyngeal arch and their common innervation

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Lateral Pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of digastric
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini

CN V3

57
Q

List the muscle(s) of the 2nd pharyngeal arch and their common innervation

A

Muscles of facial expression
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of digastric

CN VII

58
Q

List the muscle(s) of the 3rd pharyngeal arch and their common innervation

A

Stylopharyngeus

CN IX Glossopharyngeal

59
Q

What middle ear structure(s) is the 1st pharyngeal arch responsible for developing?

A

Malleus

Incus

60
Q

What pharyngeal arch is responsible for developing the stapes of the middle ear?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

61
Q

Which pharyngeal arch is responsible for developing most of the hyoid bone?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

62
Q

The stapedius m. is important for:

A

Dampening sounds as they are conducted through the middle ear.

63
Q

What vascular structures are derived from the 3rd pharyngeal arch mesoderm?

A

L/R Common Carotid Arteries.

L/R Internal Carotid Arteries.

64
Q

The 4th pharyngeal arch mesoderm produces these two important vascular structures:

A

Right arch: Right subclavian artery

Left arch: arch of aorta

65
Q

The 6th pharyngeal arch forms what two important vascular structures:

A 
Right and left pulmonary arteries
Ductus arteriosus (left 6th arch)
66
Q

The 4th pharyngeal arch mesoderm develops Into what skeletal muscle structures?

A

Soft palate mm. (Uvula)

Pharyngeal mm. (5 of them)

67
Q

What skeletal muscles of the neck derive from the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Laryngeal muscles

Striated muscles of the esophagus

68
Q

What skeletal/cartilage structure derives from the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Thyroid cartilage

69
Q

What skeletal/cartilage structure forms from the 6th pharyngeal arch mesoderm?

A

Laryngeal cartilages

70
Q

The first pharyngeal cleft has what adult purpose?

A

External auditory meatus

71
Q

The middle ear is derived from which pharyngeal arch component?

A

1st pharyngeal pouch

72
Q

A thyroglossal duct cyst would present as a midline or lateral bulge from the neck?

A

Midline.

Branchial cysts would be lateral, running along the sternocleidomastoid m.

73
Q

What in general do the pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

branchiomeric muscles

Block 6 (19 decks)

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