H. 7 Influence

Question 1

Compliance

Answer 1

Individually disagreeing with the group, but publicly accepting the opinion of others.

Question 2

Conversion

Answer 2

(private acceptance): Members change their opinion in a dispute, because they are convinced that the group is right. (they accept the position of the group as their own).

Question 3

Congruence

Answer 3

(uniformity): the ideal of the group was the ideal of the individual as well. He or she thus does not need to adjust his opinion.

Question 4

Independence (social response)

Answer 4

(dissent): Members disagree by showing public ideas that are consistent with their own personal views/standards

Question 5

Anticonformity

Answer 5

(counterconformity): Members express ideas or take action that are the opposite of what the group would do.

Question 6

(3) Social impact theory (Latané)

Answer 6

analysis of social influence, that states that the impact of every source of influence depends on

1. the strong (S),
2. immediateness (I) and
3. the number of sources (people, N).

Question 7

Chrutchfield situation

Answer 7

to measure conformity, in which participants had to answer to an electrical apparatus, while they could see the answers of (fictive) group members (participants had to answer last) → less conformity than with Asch.

Question 8

Conversion theory (Moscovici)

Answer 8

Disputes in the group can lead to conflict, the group members want to stop this conflict by changing the opinion of others and their own → minorities influence majorities in other ways:

Question 9

Idiosyncrasy credits

Answer 9

explanation of the mildness of the members that are highly ranked and who go against the group norm. This person gets ‘credits’ every time that a contribution is made to the group and less credits when faults are made, or others are influenced in a bad way.

Going against the group is hard, so someone who goes against the group should have thought his opinion true → he/she will need a strong defense for his or her position.

Question 10

Dynamic social impact theory (4)

Answer 10

Extension of the social impact theory (Latané), in which the influence (if it is a function of a strength, immediacy, and number of present sources) leads to change in the groups over time

1. → consolidation (more a unity),
2. clustering (opinion that are alike → strengthen the ties),
3. correlation of the opinions, and
4. a continuing diversity in groups (minorities are protected and can keep their own opinions).

This happens in spatially divided groups that have repeated interaction with each other over time.

Question 11

Informational influence

Answer 11

changes that happen when group members use the responses of others in the group (descriptive norms in the situation) as a point of reference and as a source of information.

Question 12

False consensus effect

Answer 12

inclination of the receivers to assume that their beliefs, attributes, and actions are appropriate and relatively okay in every situation
→ They think that their point of view is supported more, than what is actually the case

Question 13

Dual process theories of influence

Answer 13

information that influences another person’s responses directly (systematically, like the analysis or an account of the situation: discussion) and indirect (less rational, because of heuristics: rules of thumb to come quickly to decisions).

Question 14

Normative influence

Answer 14

towards an informative influence, to promote change based on social norms, standards, and agreements. Individuals internalize group norms, and want to behave according to the norms.
→ When you do not do so this will result in cognitive dissonance.

Question 15

Focus theory of Normative conduct

Answer 15

explanation of influence, that assumes that descriptive and lawful norms influence norms, when the norms are clear and because of that get attention.
Descriptive norms require less cognitive demands (you only notice what is happening and will act upon it), injunctive norms need more cognitive sources, because only when it is clear what the norm and its implications entail a person will act upon it (strenghtens over time).

Question 16

Subjective group dynamics

Answer 16

psychological and interpersonal processes that result from social categorization and identification processes, including the wish of the members to keep the positive individuality of the ingroup and the validity of the shared beliefs.
→ causes a negative response to people who think differently and with whom they only share a categorical membership

Question 17

Story model of jury deliberation

Answer 17

jury develops stories that are used as evidence for or against the client. → the cognitive majority (evidence-driven/verdict-driven) often decides: guilty or not.
Dedication to the job and appreciation of each other makes a jury more effective. A jury is better than a judge as well; even when no one is ‘unbiased’. Everything counts (the way of asking questions, appearance of the suspect, the following up on the evidence), but the bias is controlled since there is no individual decision.

Question 18

Improving the size of the Jury (4)

Answer 18

1. • Group structure: smaller juries are more cohesive, there is more even participation, but less information.
2. • Representation: less representative for the population.
3. • influence of the majority: smaller in smaller juries
4. • votes: the chance of a hung jury (that cannot come to an agreement) is bigger in bigger juries.

Question 19

Voir dire

Answer 19

the selection of jury members out of a group of potential participants by giving them an oral or written questionnaire by the judge or counsel. → is used to identity highly biased people, but shouldn’t be used to manipulate the composition of the jury.