H. 1 intro

Question 1

Formule for maximum number of ties in a group

Answer 1

n(n-1)/2

Question 2

A group has two goals:

Answer 2

1) Task interaction: the group’s behavior that focuses on achieving goals and plans.
2) Relationship (socioemotional) interaction: the groups members’ actions that ensure that members can help each other and that members can develop better ties with each other. Connected with this second goals is the continuing (social support, consultations) and the undermining (criticizing, conflicts) of actions.

Question 3

Four types of goals and tasks of groups

Answer 3

Goals > Tasks

1. Generating
   > Developing strategies, new ideas and plans.
2. Choosing
   > Choosing between alternatives, making choices.
3. Negotiating
   > finding solutions for differences of meaning and conflicts, improving coordination
4. Executing
   > Taking action, writing up plans, making things.

Question 4

5 Characteristics of groups

Answer 4

1) interaction
2) goals
3) interdependence
4) structure
5) cohesion

Question 5

Primary Group

Answer 5

A small, longterm group that is characterized through its frequent interaction, solidarity and its high degree of dependence, what influences the attitude, values, and social outcomes of the members (close family, gangs)
→ membership is sometimes involuntary

Question 6

Social Group

Answer 6

a bigger group than the primary group. Its a group of people that are interacting with each other for a longer period of time, like workgroups, clubs, and bands. The groupmembers are less emotionally involved and have less dedication.

Question 7

Collective

Answer 7

A relatively big and spontaneously come-together of individuals who seem alike in deeds and face (queues of people, a panicking group of flying people). Is often caused by happenings. As soon as the members are no longer in contact, the group is lifted.

Question 8

Social category

Answer 8

a group of people who are alike in a certain way (African Americans, people of Amsterdam, gamblers).

Question 9

Social Identity

Answer 9

a part of someone’s personal identity, that he/she obtains through relations and membership in groups; aspects that are expected of (most) of the members

Question 10

Entitativity

Answer 10

The degree in which a group is a unity, instead of independent individuals.

Question 11

Thomas Theorem

Answer 11

a theoretical premise, that states that the understanding that people have of a situation determines their reaction in that situation, even when that understanding is incorrect: ‘if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences’.

(So when you think that you belong to a group, you will have a negative feeling when you think that the group is failing – even when you don’t actually belong to the group → only a label)

Question 12

Essentialism

Answer 12

the conviction that all things, thus individuals and groups as well, have a basic nature that discerns them from others (essence: relatively constant).

Question 13

microlevel

Answer 13

individuals in a group

Question 14

mesolevel

Answer 14

the group

Question 15

macrolevel

Answer 15

the organisation or the society of the group

Question 16

Group fallacy

Answer 16

Social phenomenons explain the base of the group as a whole (this is thus wrong), instead of the individual processes within the group (which would be right).
→ physiological qualities (like the will of intentions) ascribed to a group instead of to the individuals within a group (this last things kind of has to happen).

Question 17

Group mind (collective consciousness)

Answer 17

a hypothetical composition of mental powers that links group members: the composition of an individual consciousness to a general consciousness.
→ No evidence is found for it, but people are capable of doing things in a group that they wouldn’t be capable of on their own (Holocaust).

Question 18

B = f(P, E)

Answer 18

the law of interaction that states that the behavior of an individual (B) is a function of his or her personal qualities (P), the social environment (E) and the interaction of that P’s wit the E (Kurt Lewin).
→ Sometimes something really big or terrible can be achieved in a group, but not by an individual alone.

Question 19

5 steps in Group development

Answer 19

1) orientation (forming): the interchange of background information, insecurity.
2) conflict (storming): disagreement, leader and procedure challenges
3) structure (norming): agreement about procedures, standards and roles, more communication.
4) performance (performing): focus on the work of a group, completing tasks, cooperation.
5) dissolution (adjourning): pulling back, going away, regret and less independence