H. 14 Relations Between Groups Flashcards
Robbers cave experiment
field-study that researched the causes and consequences between two (randomly divided) groups of boys that went to camp together.
Realistic group conflict theory
conflict about the rare sources lead inevitably to conflict (food, territory, power, energy, natural sources, and richness). Competition → conflict.
Discontinuity effect
+ Intergroup Paranoia
inclination of groups to show the ability to compete more that is bigger than the individual competing abilities of a group cause competition.
→ Group-group-interaction most competitive, then one to one, then group-one, one-group and finally one to one. Individual can be greedy, groups even more.
- Intergroup paranoia: conviction of group members that they have been treated wrongly by the members of a malevolent out-group.
Intergroup exploitation
When a group tries to dominate another group.
Social dominance theory
theory that assumes that groups within a society have more influence than others. Those groups can influence other groups (just like individuals in a group have more influence than the individuals outside of the group).
‘Idle rich’ hypothesis
members of a powerful group work less when they can also take the work of others.
> Often groups responds negatively to this (powerful group steals their wrok), which causes the less powerful groups to strike and sabotage products.
Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) question-list
high score → more interested in power,
lower score → finding cooperative ways to solve conflicts.
Men have often higher scores than women (distributing punishments, and eliminating rivals).
Frustation-aggression hypothesis
model of surroundings that states that individuals become more aggressive when external conditions keep them from reaching their goals.
General aggression model
organizing biological, surrounding, social and psychological factors that influence the expression of hostile and negative behaviour (input of the person and situation, cognitive, affective and exciting states and cognitive estimates)
→ many factors can increase the excitement, together with a negative idea of the situation this can lead to aggression
Double standard thinking
seeing your own actions as good and royal, and those of others as hostile and wrong. Our warnings: requests, those of others: treats – while the content of the message is often the same.
Linguistic intergroup bias
describing the positive ingroup and negative outgroup behaviour as more abstract (crying like a baby), negative ingroup (winking a tear away) and the positive outgroup is more concrete.
Implicit association test : in- vs outgroup
responding more quickly to trials like an ingroup/nice and outgroup/hostile, than to mixed trials (often unconscously).
Outgroup homogeneity bias
seeing the other groups as more simple and not differentiated, and seeing your own group as diverse and complex.
Law of small numbers
basing the generalisations about the whole outgroup on observations of a small number of individuals of that group (one foreigner steals, so they all do so)
Ultimate attribution error
blaming the negative actions of another group to your personalities, and acting like the positive factors happen because of the circumstances.
Stereotype content model : warmth vs competence
- Pity
- Admiration
- Contempt
- Envy
theory of group perception that states that the stereotyped view on social groups influence the conviction on the warmth and the competence of the group.
- Pity High Warmth, Low Competence - Admiration High Warmth, High Competence - Contempt Low Warmth, Low Competence - Envy Low Warmth, High Competence
Moral exclusion
psychological process where opponents see each other as unworthy in a conflict to get the moral rights and protection (rationalising of violence to others) – place the outgroup outside of the human domain.
Dehumanisation
moving an outgroup from the human domain, believing that other individuals of whole groups miss the qualities to be distinguished from animals. Cause as well more aggression from the ingroup towards the outgroup.
Schadenfreude
Taking pleasure from the failure of other groups, especially when this is in a domain that has a high value for the group.
contact hypothesis
ingroup-outgroup bias disappears when people have regular contact with the members of the outgroup.
Superordinate goals
: goals that can be reached when two groups work together.
Extended contact hypothesis
friendships between groups do not only cause an increased acceptance of the other group by friends, but it also causes a more positive image of the other group by the rest of the group members.
Cross-categorization (multiple social categorization)
emphasizing the membership of multiple groups by decreasing the problematic group’s identity → to move the attention to other memberships that cause friction less quickly.
Jigsaw method
Letting the learning of cooperation increase, to decrease the conflict between groups. Students of different ethnic groups need to form a learning-group.
