H. 14 Relations Between Groups

Question 1

Robbers cave experiment

Answer 1

field-study that researched the causes and consequences between two (randomly divided) groups of boys that went to camp together.

Question 2

Realistic group conflict theory

Answer 2

conflict about the rare sources lead inevitably to conflict (food, territory, power, energy, natural sources, and richness). Competition → conflict.

Question 3

Discontinuity effect

+ Intergroup Paranoia

Answer 3

inclination of groups to show the ability to compete more that is bigger than the individual competing abilities of a group cause competition.
→ Group-group-interaction most competitive, then one to one, then group-one, one-group and finally one to one. Individual can be greedy, groups even more.

• Intergroup paranoia: conviction of group members that they have been treated wrongly by the members of a malevolent out-group.

Question 4

Intergroup exploitation

Answer 4

When a group tries to dominate another group.

Question 5

Social dominance theory

Answer 5

theory that assumes that groups within a society have more influence than others. Those groups can influence other groups (just like individuals in a group have more influence than the individuals outside of the group).

Question 6

‘Idle rich’ hypothesis

Answer 6

members of a powerful group work less when they can also take the work of others.

> Often groups responds negatively to this (powerful group steals their wrok), which causes the less powerful groups to strike and sabotage products.

Question 7

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) question-list

Answer 7

high score → more interested in power,
lower score → finding cooperative ways to solve conflicts.

Men have often higher scores than women (distributing punishments, and eliminating rivals).

Question 8

Frustation-aggression hypothesis

Answer 8

model of surroundings that states that individuals become more aggressive when external conditions keep them from reaching their goals.

Question 9

General aggression model

Answer 9

organizing biological, surrounding, social and psychological factors that influence the expression of hostile and negative behaviour (input of the person and situation, cognitive, affective and exciting states and cognitive estimates)

→ many factors can increase the excitement, together with a negative idea of the situation this can lead to aggression

Question 10

Double standard thinking

Answer 10

seeing your own actions as good and royal, and those of others as hostile and wrong. Our warnings: requests, those of others: treats – while the content of the message is often the same.

Question 11

Linguistic intergroup bias

Answer 11

describing the positive ingroup and negative outgroup behaviour as more abstract (crying like a baby), negative ingroup (winking a tear away) and the positive outgroup is more concrete.

Question 12

Implicit association test : in- vs outgroup

Answer 12

responding more quickly to trials like an ingroup/nice and outgroup/hostile, than to mixed trials (often unconscously).

Question 13

Outgroup homogeneity bias

Answer 13

seeing the other groups as more simple and not differentiated, and seeing your own group as diverse and complex.

Question 14

Law of small numbers

Answer 14

basing the generalisations about the whole outgroup on observations of a small number of individuals of that group (one foreigner steals, so they all do so)

Question 15

Ultimate attribution error

Answer 15

blaming the negative actions of another group to your personalities, and acting like the positive factors happen because of the circumstances.

Question 16

Stereotype content model : warmth vs competence

• Pity
• Admiration
• Contempt
• Envy

Answer 16

theory of group perception that states that the stereotyped view on social groups influence the conviction on the warmth and the competence of the group.

- Pity
High Warmth, Low Competence
- Admiration
High Warmth, High Competence
- Contempt
Low Warmth, Low Competence
- Envy
Low Warmth, High Competence

Question 17

Moral exclusion

Answer 17

psychological process where opponents see each other as unworthy in a conflict to get the moral rights and protection (rationalising of violence to others) – place the outgroup outside of the human domain.

Question 18

Dehumanisation

Answer 18

moving an outgroup from the human domain, believing that other individuals of whole groups miss the qualities to be distinguished from animals. Cause as well more aggression from the ingroup towards the outgroup.

Question 19

Schadenfreude

Answer 19

Taking pleasure from the failure of other groups, especially when this is in a domain that has a high value for the group.

Question 20

contact hypothesis

Answer 20

ingroup-outgroup bias disappears when people have regular contact with the members of the outgroup.

Question 21

Superordinate goals

Answer 21

: goals that can be reached when two groups work together.

Question 22

Extended contact hypothesis

Answer 22

friendships between groups do not only cause an increased acceptance of the other group by friends, but it also causes a more positive image of the other group by the rest of the group members.

Question 23

Cross-categorization (multiple social categorization)

Answer 23

emphasizing the membership of multiple groups by decreasing the problematic group’s identity → to move the attention to other memberships that cause friction less quickly.

Question 24

Jigsaw method

Answer 24

Letting the learning of cooperation increase, to decrease the conflict between groups. Students of different ethnic groups need to form a learning-group.