H. 2 & 3 inclusion and identity

Question 1

Self-reference effect

Answer 1

inclination of people to have better memories of the actions and situations to which they are linked personally.

Question 2

Group-reference effect

Answer 2

etter memories for the things that are related to the group.

Question 3

Social Capital

Answer 3

In what degree individuals and groups are linked in social relations that ensure positive outcomes

> in a formula: social capital = economic capital – fiscal prosperity, which is determined by social connections.

Question 4

2 forms of loneliness

Answer 4

1. Emotional loneliness:
   loneliness because of the absence of a longterm relation with someone. (divorce).
2. Social loneliness:
   when someone has a feeling of being closed off of the network of friends or members of a group (moving, a new job).

→ People that have more ties with others survive natural disasters, deal better with traumatic experiences, and live longer.
→ Someone who is linked to a lonely person has a bigger chance of becoming lonely him/herself

Question 5

Ostracism

Answer 5

the exclusion of one or more individuals of a group by diminishing contact or by ignoring/ or banning that person totally.

→ To be isolated thanks to circumstances is one thing, but to be consciously excluded is super stressful (ball-toss method)
→ Even when people do not want to belong, they feel better when isolation is not the only option.
→ Being denied by a group to which you didn’t want to belong gives a negative feeling anyway.

Question 6

2 responses to ostracism

Answer 6

1. Flight-or-fight response: ‘fight-yourself-back’ into a group (competitive), or avoid further rejection and search membership somewhere else (pulling back) → more often men.
2. Tend-and-befriend response (Taylor): physiological, psychological and personal reaction to stressful happenings, where someone’s behavior is more caring, protective and motivating and where someone tries to form more friendships → more often women

Question 7

Sociometer theory (Leary)

Answer 7

Someone judges his/her acceptance through others (exclusion/inclusion), what is connected to feelings of self-esteem and selftrust.

Question 8

Optimal distinctiveness theory (Brewer).

Answer 8

A conceptual analysis that states that individuals have at least three needs: the need to be included in the group, to be connected to friends and loved-ones, and the need for authority and differentiation

→ These three needs are the most positively fulfilled when someone is unique and appreciated, when he/she is emotionally tied to friends and still feels equal to the group in a lot of aspects.

Question 9

Exchange relationship

Answer 9

a mutual dependency that emphasizes the exchange of satisfied experiences and rewards; to get as many rewards as possible out of being a member

Question 10

Communal relationship

Answer 10

a mutual dependency that pursues the needs and interests of others; helping each other more.

Question 11

Egocentric vs sociocentric

Answer 11

Egocentric: self-serving, emphasis on own needs, perspective and interest.
Sociocentric: group-serving: emphasis on the needs of the group, which go before your own needs.

Question 12

Equity vs equality

Answer 12

Equity norm: the social standard that divides sources and incomes between the members based on the input of those members. (This is seen more often in an individualistic society).
Equality norm: When the sources and incomes are divided equally between all members (more collectivist)

Question 13

3 culture forms

1. honour
2. dignity
3. face

Answer 13

• honour: when the authority is too weak to protect individuals
• dignity: emphasis on personal integrity
• face: respect (just like honour), collaborating to maintain each other’s respect

Question 14

Hogg (2005):
2 basic motives that influence how social categorical and identification processes that work together to create someone’s self-esteem

Answer 14

1. Individuals think well about themselves, and because groups are a big part of these people, people can keep their selfesteem by thinking well about their groups.
2. Understanding yourself is a basis motive for most people: groups give people a meaning to understand themselves better.
   → People that belong to eminent groups often have more self-esteem.

Question 15

4 forms of Collective self-esteem:

1. Membership esteem
2. Private collective self-esteem
3. Public collective self-esteem
4. identity

Answer 15

1. Membership esteem: am I a valuable/effective asset in the groups to which I belong?
2. Private collective self-esteem: how do I evaluate the groups to which I belong?
3. Public collective self-esteem: How do others evaluate the groups to which I belong?
4. Identity: Are the groups to which I belong important to my identity or not?

Question 16

Social creativity

Answer 16

comparisons between the in- and outgroup are only made when the ingroup is better, and to avoid areas in which the other groups could win from the ingroup. → This leads to many byproducts, like the belittlement of people that do not belong to your group.

Question 17

Individual mobility

Answer 17

Lessening you connection to the group, to remove the threat to your self-trust (quitting your job, escaping, breaking up with someone, ditching someone).