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2a > GUT > Flashcards

GUT Flashcards

1
Q

what spinal levels do the kidneys lie between

A

t11-l3

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2
Q

level of the renal artery

A

L1

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3
Q

parasympathetic to bladder

A

pelvic nerve: S2-S4. ACh. Acts on M3. Contract bladder

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4
Q

Sympathetic to bladder

A

hypogastric plexus. T10-L2. NAd. Stimulates beta 3. inhibits detrusor contraction, closes internal sphincter etc.

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5
Q

Somatic to bladder

A

Pudendal. S2-S4. ACh

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6
Q

Sensory from bladder

A

afferent pelvic nerve

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7
Q

BPH treatment

A

Alpha adrenergic antagonist (tamsulosin). 5 alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride, dutasteride)

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8
Q

grading of prostate cancer

A

Gleason grading

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9
Q

metastatic prostatic cancer treatment

A

gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonists, surgical castration, sympatomatic treatment, palliative

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10
Q

neuropathic bladder gold standard investigation

A

urodynamics

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11
Q

neurogenic bladder management

A

anticholinergics (botox), augmentation cystoplasty, ileal conduit, self catheterisation,

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12
Q

anticholinergic (e.g. oxybutynin) side effects

A

dry mucus membranes, constipation, visual disturbances

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13
Q

botox contraindications

A

MG, Eaton Lambert Syndrome

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14
Q

botox SE

A

UTI, haematuria, retention, repeting after 9 months

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15
Q

gold standard treatment for male stress incontinence

A

insertion of artificial urinary sphincter

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16
Q

renal cell carcinoma epidemiology

A

more women. risk factors: smoking obesity, renal failure, hypertension, VHL syndrome (autosomal dominant)

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17
Q

cyclophosphamide (immunosuppressive) SE

A

haemorrhagic cystitis, cancer (TCC), infections, infertility

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18
Q

Goodpasteurs

A

acute glomerulonephritis & pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage. Anti GBM antibodies.

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19
Q

CKD causes

A

diabetes, hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis, obstructive uropathy, cystic disease, AKI

20
Q

medical bladder cancer treatment

A

mitomycin C & BCG for non muscle invasive

MVAC chemo for muscle invasive

21
Q

TCC epidemiology

A

more men than women

22
Q

pre renal causes

A

hypovolaemia secondary to diarrhoea/vomiting

renal artery stenosis

23
Q

intrinsic AKI causes

A 
glomerulonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis 
acute interstitial nephritis
rhabdomyolosis
tumour lysis syndrome
24
Q

post renal AKI causes

A

stones, BPH, external compression of ureter

25
Q

nephrotoxic drugs

A

NSAIDs (& aspirin), ACEI, ARB, Aminoglycosides, loop diuretics

26
Q

how to reduce risk of CVD in CKD

A

atorvastatin 20mg

27
Q

nephritic syndrome causes

A

IgA nephropathy, post strep glomerulonephritis, SLE, small vessel vasculitis (ANCA), goodpasteurs

28
Q

nephritic syndrome treatment

A

BP control, treat underlying cause, corticosteroids

29
Q

nephrotic causes

A

minimal change, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy. Secondary: DDANI: diabetes, drugs, autoimmune, neoplasia, infection

30
Q

nephrotic treatment

A 
Fluid and salt restriction
Loop diuretics- to manage oedema
Treat cause
ACE-I/ARB to reduce protein loss
Manage complications
31
Q

renal cancer prognostic score

A

Mayo Score

32
Q

chlamydia presentation

A 
men- testicular pain
voiding symptoms, dysuria
50% are ASX
Women- vaginal discharge and dysuria
white, yellow or green discharge
70% are ASX
33
Q

STI diagnosis

A

NAAT

34
Q

chlamydia management

A

avoid sex until finished treatment

7 days doxyclyclin OR 1g azithromycin (or erythromycin)

35
Q

gonorrhoea presentation

A

more likely to be ASX
Men: dysuria, frequency, discharge
Female: vaginal discharge dysuria, pelvic pain

36
Q

gonorrhoea treatment

A

Single Ceftriaxone IM dose

37
Q

diuretics: where do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors act (e.g. acetozolamide)

A

PCT

38
Q

example of an osmotic diuretic

A

mannitol

39
Q

where do osmotic diuretics act

A

PCT

40
Q

loop diuretic example

A

furosemide

41
Q

where do loop diuretics act

A

loop of henle

42
Q

where do thiazides act

A

(proximal) DCT

43
Q

potassium sparing diuretic example

A

spironolactone

44
Q

where do potassium sparing diuretics act

A

distal DCT/Collecting duct (inhibits aldosterone - spironolactone)

45
Q

what drug class is used as a first line for ED

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitors

46
Q

medical name for viagra

A

sildenafil

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