Endocrine

Question 1

Water soluble hormones

Answer 1

Peptides (LH, FSH, insulin, prolactin,GH)

Amines (nAd, Ad, dopamine)

Question 2

Fat soluble hormones

Answer 2

Thyroid hormone, cholesterol derivatives & steroids

Question 3

Cytoplasm receptor

Answer 3

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoird, androgens, progesterone

Question 4

Nuclear receptors

Answer 4

Oestrogen, thyroid hormone, vitamin d

Question 5

Posterior pituitary

Answer 5

ADH, oxytocin

Question 6

Gut peptides in appetite regulation

Answer 6

Grehlin pyy glp1, ckk

Question 7

Increase food intake

Answer 7

NPY

AgRP

Question 8

Decrease food intake

Answer 8

POMC -> alpha MSH

Question 9

Peptide YY

Answer 9

secreted but neuroendocrine cells in ileum, pancreas, colon. Binds to NPY & AgRP receptors - decreasing their secretion - inhibits gastric motility & reduces appetite

Question 10

What does CCK do

Answer 10

Stops eating. Delays gastric emptying, stimulates gall bladder contraction and insulin release. Causes satiety via vagus nerve

Question 11

POMC

Answer 11

Signals satiety

Needed for ACTH production. Without POMC get pale skin, adrenal insufficiency, hyperphagia and obesity

Question 12

Low calcium

Answer 12

Long QT, paraesthesia, muscle spasm, seizures, cataracts, anxiety, dermatitis, impetigo herpetiformis, Chovstek & trousseau

Question 13

Dopamine agonists

Answer 13

Cabergoline
Brompcriptine
Quinagolide

Question 14

Growth hormone producing tumour treatment

Answer 14

Cabergoline (has some effect on reducing GH levels)
Somatostatin anologues - more effective than cabergoline
Growth hormone receptor antagonists
Radiotherapy

Question 15

ADH receptor blocker

Answer 15

Tolvaptan

Question 16

Hyperthyroidism treatment

Answer 16

Anti thyroid drugs (carbimazole) - serious se: agranulocytosis
Radioactive iodine
Surgery

Question 17

Autoantibodies tested for in T1DM

Answer 17

Anti GAD, pancreatic islet cell Ab, Isley antigen 2 Ab, ZnT8

Question 18

Hypoglycaemia symptoms

Answer 18

Adrenaline -> anxiety hunger shaking sweating dizziness impaired vision weakness fatigue headache irritable fast heart beat, metallic taste in mouth

Question 19

DKA definition

Answer 19

Hyperglycaemia + raised plasma ketones + metabolic acidosis

Question 20

Metformin

Answer 20

Increased insulin sensitivity

SE nausea diarrhoea abdominal pain

Question 21

Sulfonylureas

Answer 21

E.g. gliclazide
Stimulates insulin release
SE: weight gain, hypo

Question 22

Thiazolinediones

Answer 22

Promote glucose uptake and utilisation and lipid metabolism and improve insulin sensitivity

Question 23

GLP1 analogues

Answer 23

Mimic GLP1 actions

Question 24

SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer 24

Remove excess glucose load (insulin dependent) reduce glucose reabsoeption at kidney causing glycosuria

Question 25

Other hormones that increase insulin resistance

Answer 25

GH, cortisol