GU Pathology

Question 1

what is nephrolithiasis

Answer 1

kidney stones in the nephron

Question 2

how does nephrolithiasis present

Answer 2

pain, haematuria, raised temperature, nausea and vomiting, painful urination, cloudy urine, crystals in urine, fever, chills

Question 3

what causes nephrolithiasis

Answer 3

age, male gender, family history, dehydration, diet high in animal proteins, recurrent UTI, obesity

Question 4

effects of nephrolithiasis on the body

Answer 4

causes renal calculi (kidney stones) which are crystals that form in the nephron following a build up of calcium, ammonium, uric acid etc.

Question 5

what is post-renal kidney failure (kidney injury)

Answer 5

when the kidneys are unable to remove the body’s metabolic waste
post= happening because of something after the kidneys, e.g. urethra blocked by kidney stones

Question 6

how does post renal kidney failure (kidney injury) present

Answer 6

abdominal pain, backache, nausea, fever, vomiting, fatigue

Question 7

what causes post renal kidney failure (kidney inury)

Answer 7

sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumour or injury

Question 8

effects of post renal kidney injury on the body

Answer 8

obstruction after the kidneys causes increased pressure in nephrons, reduced GFR, increased osmosis

Question 9

what is pre-renal kidney injury

Answer 9

kidneys unable to remove bodies waste

Question 10

causes of pre-renal kidney injury

Answer 10

sudden and severe drop in blood pressure or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness

Question 11

how does pre-renal kidney injury present

Answer 11

abdominal pain, backache, nausea, fever, vomiting, fatigue

Question 12

effects of pre-renal kidney injury on the body

Answer 12

impaired blood flow causes reduced perfusion of the kidney, decreased GFR, impaired fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 13

what is chronic kidney disease

Answer 13

slow, chronic, irreversible reduction of the number of effective nephrons and decline of renal functions caused by damage accumulated from other chronic diseases or AKI

Question 14

how does CKD present

Answer 14

early stages asymptomatic
polyuria, acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, anaemia, hypertension, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, headache, confusion, drowsiness

Question 15

what causes CKD

Answer 15

hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, kidney infections, vascular disease, urinary tract obstruction, unrecovered or repeated AKI

Question 16

effects of CKD on the body

Answer 16

GFR and filtrate volumes are greatly reduced and reabsorption of water is seriously impaired. this results in lots of urine being produced. reduced GFR results in accumulation of wastes in the blood