Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bioscience Year 2 > GI System and Pathology > Flashcards

GI System and Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a mallory weiss tear

A

a tear in the tissue of the lower oeseophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does a mallory weiss tear present

A

haematoemesis of bright red or coffee-ground blood, blood in stool, difficulty swallowing, painful swallowing, anaemia, dizziness, shortness of breath, abdominal or chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what causes a mallory weiss tear

A

violent coughing, retching, vomiting or straining, hiatal hernia, childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mallory weiss tear diagnosis and treatment

A

diagnosis- stool test, upper GI endoscopy
treatment- stops on its own most of the time, surgical repair (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

antibacterial, converts pepsinogen into pepsin, chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the function of gastrin hormone in the stomach

A

in the gastric juice which undertakes chemical digestion. stimulates parietal cells to secrete more acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas, can be due to biliary obstruction or alcoholism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does pancreatitis present

A

pain in epigastrium and left upper quadrant of abdomen, nausea and vomiting, tenderness on palpation, reduction in bowel sound, fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what causes pancreatitis

A

gallstones, excessive alcohol, dietary factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what effects does pancreatitis have on the body

A

biliary obstruction- stone obstructs bile duct which causes bile and pancreatic juice to mix and backflow into the pancreatic tissue, this causes inactive proteases to become activated and start auto-digestion of pancreatic tissue, leading to oedema and ischemic injury to the pancreatic tissue
alcohol- intracellular activation of proteases enzymes, activation of proteases leads to auto-digestion of pancreatic tissue and pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does pancreatic juice consist of

A

water, mineral salts, amylase, lipase, proteases, nucleases, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen
alkaline, pH8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what secretes pancreatic juice and where does it go to

A

secreted by exocrine pancreas and enters the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice

A

when acid chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, it stimulates the release of secretin and CCK, produced by enteroendocrine cells in the wall of the villi which stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of pancreatic juice

A

when acidic stomach contents enter the duodenum, they are mixed with pancreatic juice and bile from the liver, raising the pH to 6-8 as this is the pH at which pancreatic enzymes work most effectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does bile consist of

A

water, mineral salts, mucus, bile salts, bile pigments (bilirubin), cholesterol, pH8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is bile produced and where is it stored

A

produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of bile

A

emulsification of fats in the small intestine, making cholesterol and fatty acids soluble, enabling their absorption, excretion of bilirubin

18
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

fibrosis (scarring) of the liver caused by long term liver damage

19
Q

how does cirrhosis present

A

fatigue, nausea, weight loss, jaundice

20
Q

causes of cirrhosis

A

long term liver injury, excessive alcohol consumption, hepatitis

21
Q

effects of cirrhosis on the body

A

chronic liver inflammation causes necrosis and over time liver tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue. this blocks blood flow through the hepatic portal system, leading to portal hypertension, excess blood due to hepatic portal vein draining into small veins of GI tract, leads to oesophageal varices

22
Q

what are gallstones

A

stones that form when the composition of bile changes

23
Q

how do gallstones present

A

high temp, pain, jaundice, confusion

24
Q

what causes gallstones

A

increasing age, female sex, obesity, several pregnancies in young women, diabetes

25
Q

effects of gallstones on the body

A

composition of bile changes, decreasing the solubility of its constituents. inflamed gallbladder absorbs water and bile components at a faster rate. this can exceed the solubility of the cholesterol within the gallbladder, causing it to precipitate and form gallstones

26
Q

what is appendicitis

A

swelling of the appendix when it becomes inflamed

27
Q

how does appendicitis present

A

pain- generalised then moves to right lower quadrant, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, fever

28
Q

causes of appendicitis

A

nobody really knows- inflammation to appendix

29
Q

effects of appendicitis on the body

A

appendix swells, mucosal secretions increase intraluminal pressure, pressure exceeds capillary perfusion causing venous and lymphatic obstruction, reduced perfusion leads to necrosis/perforation

30
Q

what is peritonitis

A

complication of appendicitis, inflamed peritoneum

31
Q

how does peritonitis present

A

abdominal pain, distension, nausea, vomiting, fever

32
Q

causes of peritonitis

A

complication of untreated appendicitis. happens when microbes spread through wall of appendix and infect the peritoneum, an appendix abscess perforates and pus enters the peritoneal cavity, appendix becomes gangrenous and perforates, discharging its contents into the peritoneal cavity

33
Q

effects of peritonitis on the body

A

peritoneum becomes acutely inflamed, the blood vessels dilate and excess serous fluid is secreted

34
Q

what is crohns disease

A

a type of inflammatory bowel disease

35
Q

how does crohns disease present

A

abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss

36
Q

causes of Crohn’s disease

A

usually between 20-40, smoking, both sexes affected easily

37
Q

effects of crohns disease on body

A

chronic patchy inflammation with oedema of the full thickness of the intestinal wall, causing partial obstruction of the lumen. mainly affects terminal ileum and rectum

38
Q

what is ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the colon and rectum

39
Q

how does ulcerative colitis present

A

bloody diarrhoea

40
Q

what causes ulcerative colitis

A

usually between 20-40, both sexes affected equally

41
Q

effects of ulcerative colitis on the body

A

inflammatory disease that begins in the rectum and spreads proximally to the colon. ulcerates and can become infected

Bioscience Year 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions