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Bioscience Year 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

2 stages of breathing

A

ventilation and oxygenation

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2
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs so that cells of the body can produce energy

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3
Q

oxygenation

A

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood, supplying oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide

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4
Q

2 zones of the respiratory system

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

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5
Q

what does the conducting zone consist of

A

mouth, nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, primary bronchi, and all successive branchings of the bronchioles up to and including the terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

functions of the conducting zone

A

conducting air into the respiratory zone, warming and humidification of inspired air, filtration and cleaning

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7
Q

what does mucus secreted by cells of conducting zone do

A

saturates air with water vapour as it flows over mucous membranes, traps small particles of inspired air (filtration)

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8
Q

function of respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

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9
Q

adaptations for gas exchange

A

large surface area of alveoli, alveoli one cell thick so short diffusion distance

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10
Q

what is anatomical dead space

A

the volume of air contained within the conductive airways of the respiratory system (nose, trachea and bronchi)

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11
Q

why is it considered anatomical dead space

A

volume of air does not penetrate gas exchanging regions, so dead space does not participate in gas exchange

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12
Q

what is physiological dead space

A

the volume of air that fills conducting airway plus the volume of air that penetrates gas exchanging regions but does not involve gas exchange. simply= combination of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space

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13
Q

which muscles are used in breathing

A

inspiratory muscles and expiratory muscles

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14
Q

inspiratory muscles and what they do

A

external intercostal (raises rib cage), sternocleidomastoid muscles (lift upwards on the sternum), anterior serrati (lift many of the ribs)
scaleni (lift the first 2 ribs)

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15
Q

expiratory muscles

A

abdominal recti, internal intercostal muscles

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16
Q

what is boyle’s law

A

the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas

17
Q

what happens during inspiration

A
  • external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract simultaneously
  • this enlarges the thoracic cavity in all directions
  • contraction of external intercostal muscles lifts the ribcage upwards and outwards, expanding the thorax
  • when the diaphragm contracts, its muscle fibres shorten and the central tendon is pulled downwards, lengthening the thoracic cavity
  • lung tissue pulled upwards and outwards with rips and downwards with diaphragm
  • this expands the lungs
  • pressure within the alveoli and air passage falls, drawing air into lungs
18
Q

what happens during expiration

A
  • relaxation of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm results in downward and inward movement of the ribcage
  • this increases the pressure inside the lungs and expels air from the respiratory tract
19
Q

how is pulmonary function assessed

A

spirometry

20
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle

21
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum volume of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

22
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum volume of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

23
Q

residual volume

A

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration

24
Q

total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume
total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

25
Q

vital capacity

A

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
the maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

26
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
the maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration

27
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
the amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration

28
Q

what is lung compliance

A

the change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure, expressed symbolically as ΔV/ΔP
ability of the lungs to expand

29
Q

what is fick’s law

A

the rate of diffusion is proportional to both the surface area and concentration difference and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane

30
Q

how does gas exchange occur

A

when a difference in partial pressure exists across a semi-permeable membrane

31
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

32
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of gases by diffusion between the alveoli and blood in the alveolar capillaries, across the respiratory membrane

33
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gases by diffusion between blood in the capillaries and the body cells

34
Q

nervous regulation of breathing

A
  • nerve impulses are sent to diaphragm and external inter costal muscles
  • this stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract, initiating inspiration
  • neurons stop firing for 3 seconds which allows muscles to relax
  • elastic recoil of lungs and chest wall lead to expiration
  • as lungs inflate, baroreceptors in lung tissue detect stretching and generate sensory impulses to the medulla
  • these impulses begin to depress the inspiration centre
35
Q

chemical regulation of breathing

A

refers to the effect of blood pH and blood levels of oxygen and CO2 on breathing

36
Q

what do chemoreceptors do

A

detect changes in chemical composition of the blood

37
Q

central chemoreceptors

A
  • located on the surface of the medulla oblongata
  • when arterial PO2 rises (hypercapnia), this increases PCO2 in the CSF
  • the central chemoreceptors respond by stimulating the respiratory centre
  • which increases the rate and depth of breathing to reduce arterial PCO2
38
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • situated in the arch of the aorta and in the carotid bodies
  • respond to changes in arterial PO2, PCO2 and pH
  • even a slight rise in PCO2 activates these receptors
  • triggering nerve impulses into the respiratory centre
  • stimulating an immediate rise in the rate and depth of respiration

Bioscience Year 2 (4 decks)

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