GSTS: Finals Reviewers Flashcards
It is the variation among living organisms from different sources including terrestrial, marine and desert ecosystems, and the
ecological complexes of which they are a part.”
Biodiversity
What are the three levels of biodiversity?
GENETIC DIVERSITY
SPECIES DIVERSITY
ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
It is the Variations among organisms of the same
species
GENETIC DIVERSITY
It is the Variety of species within a particular
region
SPECIES DIVERSITY
It is the Network of different species in an ecosystem
and their interaction with one another.
ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
It refers to top biodiversity-rich countries. The concept is used to
highlight awareness to conservation issues around the world.
Megabiodiversity
To qualify as a
megadiverse country, it must have a high level of _____ and _____ , as well as have marine ecosystem along its border.
endemism
species diversity
This value represents the following:
Source of Food
Medicine
Energy
Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits
Ecosystem Services
Utilitarian
Value
It is teh Inherent right of species to exist
Intrinsic Value
Give atleast three benefits of biodiversity
REGULATE CLIMATE & FLOOD
REGULATE POLLINATION
REGULATE WATER & AIR QUALITY
REGULATE DECOMPOSITION OF WASTE
FOOD
MEDICINE
ENERGY
AIR & WATER
“All the component of biological diversity associated with food and agriculture, and all components of biological diversity that related to agricultural ecosystems.”
Agrobiodiversity
Give examples of Agrobiodiversity
Source of food and nutrition
Medicine and health value
Ecosystem services
Genetic resources
Knowledge
Economic value
Socio-economic to support livelihood
This protocol states “Phasing out of ozone-depleting
gases (hydrofluorocarbons)
Montreal Protocol
This protocol states Fight global warming by
reducing greenhouse gases
Kyoto Protocol
This protocol states “Protecting biological diversity from potential
risks posed by living modified organisms
resulting from modern biotechnology
Cartagena Protocol &
Convention on Biological Diversity
This protocol is all about Philippine Laws
Philippine Environmental
Jurisprudence
It is the Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere has major effects on the environment such as the seasons, rising of the sea levels, and glacial retreats.
CLIMATE CHANGE
It may either be caused by natural events like natural calamities and geological events or anthropogenic activities like deforestation and man-induced climate change.
HABITAT LOSS & DEGRADATION
Be it water, air, or land pollution, all forms of pollution appear to be a threat to all life forms on Earth.
POLLUTION
An exotic or unnatural species can be any kind of organism that has been introduced to a foreign habitat. This introduction can cause major threats to the native species.
INVASIVE SPECIES
it refers to the act of over-harvesting species and natural resources at rates faster than they can actually sustain themselves in the wild.
OVEREXPLOITATION
Major threats to Biodiversity
- CLimate change
- Habitat loss and degragation
- Pollution
- Invasive species
- Overexploitation
What Causes Climate Change?
Carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4) and water vapour (H2O)
The higher the proportion
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the more _____ Is absorbed
radiation
What Causes Climate Change?
Burining fossil fuels
Deforestation
Reduction of biodiversity
Rising sea levels are driven by two main processes
Ice melt
Thermal expansion
relates to fairness within a society.
The idea of _____ is that people should have equal access to wealth, health, opportunities and privileges within a society.
Social Justice
It means looking at the climate crisis from the perspective of social
justice. Solutions need to not only curb climate change; they need to protect and
empower the most vulnerable groups of people too.
Climate Justice
T or F: The impacts of climate change affect disadvantaged groups of people the most.
The effect of climate change on these groups needs to be recognised and
addressed.
True
They can make laws and policies that reduce the amount
of greenhouse gas emissions.
Governments
They can change their processes to run more sustainably.
Businesses
is the process of turning an idea into a solution that solves a
problem.
Innovation
___ countries (parties) have signed up to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC).
197
The UNFCCC aims to prevent human activity from
causing dangerous levels of climate change.
Remember
Every time the member nations meet in UNFCCC it is called a COP, AKA?
Conference of the Parties.
They look at the current state of the climate and discuss the actions they will take to address climate change.
Conference of the Parties.
nations agreed
to act together to restrict global temperature increases to 2°C and begin efforts to
limit warming to 1.5°C.
Paris Agreement,
It instructed governments to renew their commitment to
lowering their emissions every five years,
The Paris Agreement
Expresses a very tiny amount or size;A unit which means one billionth or 10−9
NANO
1 inch=25,400,000 nanometer
A sheet of newspaper= 100,000 nanometers thick
Remember
Study and use of structures between 1-100
nanometers in size
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Refers to the design, characterization, production
and application of structures, devices and systems
by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Deals with the materials that are very small using
specialized microscopes and nanodevices.
NANOSCIENCE
The study of phenomena and manipulation of
materials at atomic, molecular and
macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.
NANOSCIENCE
Why is there so much interest/concern about nanotechnology?
Huge gaps in knowledge concerning the possible
risks
Enormous potential
Difficulty in detecting and removing
Absence of regulation
Add atoms together one
by one to attain correct
property.
BOTTOM-UP
Cut object smaller and
smaller until attain size
needed.
TOP-DOWN
Methods of Making Nanoparticles
BOTTOM-UP and TOP-DOWN
Applications of Nanotechnology
- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- MEDICINE
- HOMELAND SECURITY
- FOOD & FOOD SAFETY
- ENERGY &TRANSPORTATION
- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
_____ is helping to
considerably improve, even
revolutionize, many technology and industry sectors.
Nanotechnology
Applications of nanotechnology:
Radioactive waste cleanup (titanate nanofibers and nanotubes)
Oil spill clean up (nanofabric “paper towel” from tiny wires of
potassium manganese oxide)
Ground water cleanup (iron particles)
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATIONS
Applications of nanotechnology:
Silver nanoparticles has antimicrobial properties
Drug delivery (nanobots, molecular scale workers)
Gold nanoparticles and nanoflares (detection of cancer cells and
gene targets)
Regenerative medicine (graphene nanoribbons) – repair damage
tissue
MEDICAL FIELD
Applications of nanotechnology:
Reduction of pollutants (silver nanoclusters to reduce propylene
oxide)
Generation of electricity (silicon nanowires in solar cells)
Heat-resistant & self-cleaning surfaces like floors and benchtops
Silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide for water & stain resistant
surfaces
OTHER APPLICATIONS
Applications of nanotechnology:
Breeding of crops with higher micronutrients to detect pests & to control food processing
Nanoparticles to control soil, water and air
contamination
AGRICULTURE
Applications of nanotechnology:
Bionanotechnology helps in cleaner production of
alternative and renewable energy sources
Graphene used as one-layer coating material
PHILIPPINES’ DOST NANOTECH LAB
Dangers of Nanotechnology: Impacts of Nanotechnology to Health:
- Lung Damage
- DNA Damage
- Cell Damage
- Immunosuppression
- Nano-bomb
- Can cross the blood-brain barrier
Dangers of Nanotechnology: Impacts of Nanotechnology to
Environment (Nano-contaminants)
- Mining
*fine metal oxide particles - Laundry
- Ag NPs, metal oxide NPs
- Combustion
- Medicine
- Battery waste
- Auto-traffic
Risk Assessment Problems
Very difficult to
detect without
sophisticated
equipment
Difficult to predict
how particles will
behave in the
environment
(dispersed/clumped)
Potential to adsorb
toxic chemicals
Persistence :
Longevity of
particles in the
environment and
body are unknown
Ethical Dilemmas of
Nanotechnology
- Playing God?
- Control over
personal - information?
Risk and Harm: - patients and testing?
Values: individual
or community?
The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to
make a product such as commercial production of foods, vaccines, antibiotics, and vitamins.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
AIMS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
- Develop new precision
tools and diagnostics - Speed up breeding
gains and efficiency - Develop pest-resistant
and disease-resistant
crops - Combat salinity,
drought, and problems
of agriculture - Enhance the
nutritional value of
foods - Increase crop varieties
and choices - Reduced inputs and production
costs, increased profits
It is an organism
whose DNA has been modified in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological
traits or the production of desired biological products.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Also known as transgenic organisms.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Achieved through genetic engineering.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Basic structure of all living
organisms.
THE CELL
Human body is made up of?
37.2 trillion cells
contains majority of the
genetic material of the cell.
NUCLEUS
The _____ contains the
nucleus.
Cell
_____ are located
in the nucleus of the cell.
CHROMOSOMES
They are made up of proteins
and DNA.
CHROMOSOMES
is a molecule that carries
the genetic material of the cell.
DNA
is a sequence of DNA
that codes for protein that will determine the trait of an
organism.
GENE
What are the steps in basic genetic engineering
- DNA is cut by restriction enzyme.
- Recombinant DNA is produced.
- Gene cloning, many copies of the gene of
interest are made each time the host cell
reproduce. - Cells undergoes selection and then are
screened.
is the method of inserting gene or nucleic
acid into cells as drug to treat genetic diseases.
Gene therapy
is the utilization of stem cells to treat or
prevent disease or a condition.
Stem cell therapy
Transfer of a gene to any cell of the body that does not produce
sperm/eggs
- The effects of gene therapy will not be passed onto the patient’s
offspring
Somatic Gene Therapy
if a required protein is absent or non-
functional or defective, a functional gene is inserted to produce the required protein; cystic fibrosis
Gene augmentation therapy-
Transfer of a gene to any cell of the body that produce sperm/eggs
- The effects of gene therapy will be passed onto the patient’s
offspring
Germline Gene Therapy
if protein products of s defective gene
encourages the proliferation of disease-related cells, a new gene is inserted to either block the defective gene or its activity; cancer cell
Gene inhibition therapy-
targets diseased cells by inserting “suicide”
gene that produces toxic protein product killing the diseased cell;
insertion of protein that will mark the cell for attact by immune system
cells;cancer cell
Killing of specific cells-
What are the basoic steps in gene therapy
- Identification of the affected gene.
- Cloning of the required gene.
- Loading the vector with the required
gene. - Vector injected into the target cell.
- Vector delivers the gene into the
nucleus of the target cell. - Delivered gene performs its function.
