GS1 Flashcards
tilak at swadesi movt- cooperative stores
Swadeshi Wastu Pracharini Sabha. -
lala lajpatraj at swadesi movt
“Kayastha Samachar”, endorsed
technical education and industrial self-sufficiency.
william bentick
(i) Abolition of sati and other cruel rites (1829).
(ii) Suppression of thugi (1830).
(iii) Charter Act of 1833.
(iv) Resolution of 1835, and educational reforms and introduction
of English as the official language.
(v) Annexation of Mysore (1831), Coorg (1834) and Central
Cachar (1834).
(vi) Treaty of ‘perpetual friendship’ with Ranjeet Singh.
(vii) Abolition of the provincial courts of appeal and circuit set
up by Cornwallis, appointment of commissioners of revenue
and circuit.
dalhousie
(i) Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) and annexation of
Punjab (1849).
(ii) Annexation of Lower Burma or Pegu (1852).
(iii) Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of
Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur
(1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh (1856).
(iv) “Wood’s (Charles Wood, President of the Board of
Control) Educational Despatch” of 1854 and opening of
Anglo-vernacular schools and government colleges.
(v) Railway Minute of 1853; and laying down of first railway
line connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853.
(vi) Telegraph (4000 miles of telegraph lines to connect Calcutta
with Bombay, Madras and Peshawar) and postal (Post
Office Act, 1854) reforms.
(vii) Ganges Canal declared open (1854); establishment of
separate public works department in every province.
(viii) Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
lord ripon
(i) Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882).
(ii) The first Factory Act (1881) to improve labour conditions.
(iii) Continuation of financial decentralisation.
(iv) Government resolution on local self-government (1882).
(v) Appointment of Education Commission under chairmanship
of Sir William Hunter (1882).
(vi) The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84).
(vii) Rendition of Mysore.
curzon
(i) Appointment of Police Commission (1902) under Sir
Andrew Frazer to review police administration.
(ii) Appointment of Universities Commission (1902) and passing
of Indian Universities Act (1904).
(iii) Establishment of Department of Commerce and
Industry.
(iv) Calcutta Corporation Act (1899).
(v) Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904).
(vi) Partition of Bengal (1905).
(vii) Curzon-Kitchener controversy.
(viii) Younghusband’s Mission to Tibet (1904).
chelmsford
(i) Formation of Home Rule Leagues by Annie Besant and
Tilak (1916).
Appendices ✫ 821
(ii) Lucknow session of the Congress (1916).
(iii) Lucknow pact between the Congress and Muslim League
(1916).
(iv) Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram (1916) after Gandhi’s
return; launch of Champaran Satyagraha (1916), Kheda
Satyagraha (1918), and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad (1918).
(v) Montagu’s August Declaration (1917).
(vi) Government of India Act (1919).
(vii) The Rowlatt Act (1919).
(viii) Jallianwalla Bagh massacre (1919).
(ix) Launch of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements.
(x) Foundation of Women’s University at Poona (1916) and
appointment of Saddler’s Commission (1917) for reforms
in educational policy.
(xi) Death of Tilak (August 1, 1920).
(xii) Appointment of S.P. Sinha as governor of Bihar (the first
Indian to become a governor).
lord reading
(i) Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the
subsequent withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement.
(ii) Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921).
(iii) Repeal of the Press Act of 1910 and the Rowlatt Act of
1919.
(iv) Criminal Law Amendment Act and abolition of cotton
excise.
(v) Communal riots in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, Aligarh, Arvi
and Calcutta.
(vi) Kakori train robbery (1925).
(vii) Murder of Swami Shraddhanand (1926).
(viii) Establishment of Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and Motilal
Nehru (1922).
(ix) Decision to hold simultaneous examinations for the ICS both
in Delhi and London, with effect from 1923.
lord irwin
(i) Visit of Simon Commission to India (1928) and the boycott
of the commission by the Indians.
(ii) An All-Parties Conference held at Lucknow (1928) for
suggestions for the (future) Constitution of India, the report
822 ✫ A Brief History of Modern India
of which was called the Nehru Report or the Nehru
Constitution.
(iii) Appointment of the Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission
(1927).
(iv) Murder of Saunders, the assistant superintendent of police
of Lahore; bomb blast in the Assembly Hall of Delhi (1929);
the Lahore Conspiracy Case and death of Jatin Das after
prolonged hunger strike (1929), and bomb accident in train
in Delhi (1929).
(v) Lahore session of the Congress (1929); Purna Swaraj
Resolution.
(vi) Dandi March (March 12, 1930) by Gandhi to launch the
Civil Disobedience Movement.
(vii) ‘Deepavali Declaration’ by Lord Irwin (1929).
(viii) Boycott of the First Round Table Conference (1930),
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) and suspension of Civil
Disobedience Movement.
Rocks
are naturally occurring solid aggregates of minerals or mineraloid matter.
- Igneous Rocks
Formed from the solidification of molten magma or lava.
Types:
Intrusive (Plutonic) Igneous Rocks: Formed from magma that cools and solidifies below the Earth’s surface.
Extrusive (Volcanic) Igneous Rocks: Formed from lava that cools and solidifies on the Earth’s surface.
Characteristics:
Generally hard and durable.
Often have a crystalline texture.
Color varies depending on mineral composition.
Examples:
Granite (Intrusive): Coarse-grained, light-colored rock. Used in construction and monuments.
Basalt (Extrusive): Fine-grained, dark-colored rock. Common in oceanic crust and used in road construction.
- Sedimentary Rocks
Formed from the accumulation and lithification of sediment (mineral and organic particles).
Types:
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: Formed from mechanical weathering debris.
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: Formed from precipitation of minerals from water.
Organic Sedimentary Rocks: Formed from the accumulation of plant or animal debris.
Characteristics:
Often have layers (strata).
May contain fossils.
Generally softer than igneous rocks.
Examples:
Sandstone (Clastic): Composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles. Used in building and paving.
Limestone (Chemical/Organic): Composed mainly of calcium carbonate. Used in cement and as building stone.
Coal (Organic): Formed from compressed plant material. Used as a fuel source.
- Metamorphic Rocks
Formed from the transformation of existing rock types (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks) under heat and pressure.
Types:
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks: Have a layered or banded appearance.
Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks: Do not have a layered appearance.
Characteristics:
Often harder than their original rock.
May have a shiny or crystalline texture.
Show evidence of deformation and recrystallization.
Examples:
Schist (Foliated): Medium to large, flat, sheet-like grains in a preferred orientation. Used in decorative stone.
Marble (Non-foliated): Formed from limestone. Used in sculpture and as a building material.
Gneiss (Foliated): Has alternating light and dark bands. Used in construction and as decorative stone.
regionalsim
- Dravidian Movement in Tamil Nadu
Reason: Tamil people felt their language and culture were being overshadowed by North Indian influences, especially with the push for Hindi as a national language.
Outcome: This led to the rise of regional parties like DMK and AIADMK, which have dominated Tamil Nadu politics. - Gorkhaland Movement in West Bengal
Reason: The Nepali-speaking Gorkhas in Darjeeling felt different from the Bengali-speaking majority and believed their region was economically neglected.
Outcome: Although they didn’t get a separate state, they achieved some autonomy with the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration. - Telangana Movement
Reason: People in Telangana felt their region was underdeveloped compared to the rest of Andhra Pradesh.
Outcome: Telangana became a separate state in 2014.
regionalsim
- Maharashtra vs. Gujarat
Reason: Marathi and Gujarati speakers wanted their own states to preserve their languages and cultures.
Outcome: Bombay State was split into Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960. - Assam Movement
Reason: Assamese people were worried about illegal immigration from Bangladesh affecting their culture and economy.
Outcome: The Assam Accord of 1985 aimed to address these concerns, but issues remain. - Bodoland Movement
Reason: The Bodo community in Assam wanted to protect their identity and felt neglected.
Outcome: They gained more autonomy with the Bodoland Territorial Region, though they still seek full statehood.
